新GRE逻辑阅读练习题精选汇总

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新GRE逻辑阅读练习题

Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of "sacred law". Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law notwithstanding, of course,a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences 5 with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. Even the two other representatives of sacred law that are historically and 10 geographically nearest to it, Jewish law and Roman Catholic canon law, are perceptibly different. Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign 15 state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. Islam, on the 20 other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and 25 numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. All this was unified

by being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny, the impact of which varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel 30 institutions. This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal, ethical, and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law. In its relation to the secular state, Islamic law differed from both Jewish and canon law. Jewish law was 35 buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside; its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent. Canon and Islamic law, on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and

40 state, where the state was not, in contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the political expression of the same religion. But the conflict between state and religion took different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized 45 ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supported by an organized institution; consequently, there never developed an overt trial of strength. There merely existed discordance between application of the 50 sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states; this antagonism varied according to place and time. For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

3. The passage provides information to answer which of the following questions EXCEPT?

□A Does Islamic law depend on sources other than Arab legal principles?

□B What secular practices of Islamic states conflicted with Islamic law?

□C Is Jewish law more uniform than canon law?

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the application of Islamic law in Islamic states has

(A) systematically been opposed by groups who believe it is contrary to their interests

(B) suffered irreparably from the lack of firm institutional backing

(C) frequently been at odds with the legal activity of government institutions

(D) remained unaffected by the political forces operating alongside it

(E) benefited from the fact that it never experienced a direct confrontation with the state

5. Which of the following most accurately describes the organization of the passage?

(A) A universal principle is advanced and then discussed in relation to a particular historical phenomenon.

(B) A methodological innovation is suggested and then examples of its efficacy are provided.

(C) A traditional interpretation is questioned and then modified to include new data.

(D) A general opinion is expressed and then supportive illustrations are advanced.

(E) A controversial viewpoint is presented and then both supportive evidence and contradictory evidence are cited.

6. The passage suggests that canon law differs from Islamic law in that only canon law

(A) contains prescriptions that nonsacred legal systems might regard as properly legal

(B) concerns itself with the duties of a person in regard to the community as a whole

(C) was affected by the tension of the conflict between religion and state

(D) developed in a political environment that did not challenge its fundamental existence

(E) played a role in the direct confrontation between institutions vying for power

答案：3. BC 4. C 5. D 6. E

新GRE逻辑阅读练习题

If a supernova (the explosion of a massive star) trig-gered star formation from dense clouds of gas and dust, and if the most massive star to be formed from the cloud evolved into a supernova and triggered a new round of star formation, and so on, then a chain of star-forming regions would result. If many such chains were created in a differentially rotating galaxy, the distribution of stars would resemble the observed distribute in a spiral galaxy.

This line of reasoning underlies an exciting new theory of spiral-galaxy structure. A computer simulation based on this theory has reproduced the appearance of many spiral galaxies without assuming an underlying density wave, the hallmark of the most widely accepted theory of the large-scale structure of spiral galaxies.That theory maintains that a density wave of spiral form sweeps through the central plane of a galaxy, compressing clouds of gas and dust, which collapse into stars that form a spiral pattern.(160 words)

7. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) describe what results when a supernova triggers the creation of chains of star-forming regions

(B) propose a modification in the most widely accepted theory of spiral-galaxy structure

(C) compare and contrast the roles of clouds of gas and dust in two theories of spiral-galaxy structure

(D) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and contrast it with the most widely accepted theory

(E) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and discuss a reason why it is inferior to the most widely accepted theory

8. The passage implies that, according to the new theory of spiral-galaxy structure, a spiral galaxy can be created by supernovas when the supernovas are

(A) producing an underlying density wave

(B) affected by a density wave of spiral form

(C) distributed in a spiral pattern

(D) located in the central plane of a galaxy

(E) located in a differentially rotating galaxy

9. Which of the following, if true, would most discredit the new theory as described in the passage?

(A)The exact mechanism by which a star becomes a supernova is not yet completely known and may even differ for different stars.

(B) Chains of star-forming regions like those postulated in the new theory have been observed in the vicinity of dense clouds of gas and dust.

(C) The most massive stars formed from supernova explosions are unlikely to evolve into super-novas.

(D) Computer simulations of supernovas provide a poor picture of what occurs just before a supernova explosion.

(E) A density wave cannot compress clouds of gas and dust to a density high enough to create a star.

答案：D/E/C

新GRE逻辑阅读练习题

Many critics of Eamily Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on,if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic" reading receives more confirmation. Seeing 5 the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel‘s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry 10 James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts. However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel‘s diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing. This is not because such an 15 interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing 20 interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heightsshares a feature of Hamlet. (164 words)

1. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the first and second parts of Wuthering Heights?

(A) The second part has received more attention from critics.

(B) The second part has little relation to the first part.

(C) The second part annuls the force of the first part.

(D) The second part provides less substantiation for a "romantic" reading.

(E)The second part is better because it is more realistic.

2. Which of the following inferences about Henry James‘s awareness of novelistic construction is best supported by the passage?

(A) James, more than any other novelist, was aware of the difficulties of novelistic construction.

(B) James was very aware of the details of novel- istic construction.

(C) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction derived from his reading of Bronte.

(D) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction has led most commentators to see unity in his individual novels.

(E) James‘s awareness of novelistic construction precluded him from violating the unity of his novels.

3. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that an interpretation of a novel should

(A) not try to unite heterogeneous elements in the novel

(B) not be inflexible in its treatment of the elements in the novel

(C) not argue that the complex use of narrators or of time shifts indicates a sophisticated structure

(D) concentrate on those recalcitrant elements of the novel that are outside the novel‘s main structure

(E) primarily consider those elements of novelistic construction of which the author of the novel was aware For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

4. The author of the passage suggests which of the following about Hamlet?

□A Hamlet has usually attracted critical interpretations that tend to stiffen into theses.

□B Hamlet has elements that are not amenable to an all-encompassing critical interpretation.

□C Hamlet is less open to an all-encompassing critical interpretation than is Wuthering Heights.

答案：1. D 2. B 3. B 4.B

新GRE逻辑阅读练习题

The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser distribution of larger animals. However, near hydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water 5 emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.

Most deep-sea faunas rely for food on particulate matter,ultimately derived from photosynthesis, falling from above. The food supplies necessary to sustain the 10 large vent communities, however, must be many times the ordinary fallout. The first reports describing vent faunas proposed two possible sources of nutrition: bacterial chemosynthesis, production of food by bacteria using energy derived from chemical changes, and 15 advection, the drifting of food materials from surrounding regions. Later, evidence in support of the idea of intense local chemosynthesis was accumulated: hydrogen sulfide was found in vent water; many vent-site bacteria were found to be capable of chemosynthesis; and extremely 20 large concentrations of bacteria were found in samples of vent water thought to be pure. This final observation seemed decisive. If such astonishing concentrations of bacteria were typical of vent outflow, then food within the vent would dwarf any contribution from advection. 25 Hence, the widely quoted conclusion was reached hat bacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation for hydrothermal-vent food chains—an exciting prospect because no other communities on Earth are independent of photosynthesis.

30 There are, however, certain difficulties with this interpretation. For example, some of the large sedentary organisms associated with vents are also found at ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the nearest hydrothermal sources. This suggests that bacterial 35 chemosynthesis is not a sufficient source of nutrition for these creatures. Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of “smokers” –vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350°C. No bacteria can survive such 40 heat, and no bacteria were found there. Unless smokers are consistently located near more hospitable warm-water vents, chemosynthesis can account for only a fraction of the vent faunas. It is conceivable, however, that these large, sedentary organisms do in fact feed on bacteria that 45 grow in warm-water vents, rise in the vent water, and then rain in peripheral areas to nourish animals living some distance from the warm-water vents.

Nonetheless, advection is a more likely alternative food source. Research has demonstrated that advective 50 flow, which originates near the surface of the ocean where suspended particulate matter accumulates,transports some of that matter and water to the vents.Estimates suggest that for every cubic meter of vent discharge, 350 milligrams of particulate organic 55 material would be advected into the vent area. Thus, for an average-sized vent, advection could provide more than 30 kilograms of potential food per day. In addition, it is likely that small live animals in the advected water might be killed or stunned by thermal and/or chemical 60 shock, thereby contributing to the food supply of vents.(479 words)

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply

5. The passage provides information for answering which of the following questions EXCEPT?

□A What causes warm-water vents to form?

□B What role does hydrogen sulfide play in chemosynthesis?

□C Do bacteria live in the vent water of smokers?

6. The information in the passage suggests that the majority of deep-sea faunas that live in nonvent habitats have which of the following characteristics?

(A) They do not normally feed on particles of food in the water.

(B) They are smaller than many vent faunas.

(C) They are predators.

(D) They derive nutrition from a chemosynthetic food source.

(E) They congregate around a single main food source.

7. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author implies that vents are colonized by some of the same animal found in other areas of the ocean floor, which might be a weakness for the bacterial chemosynthesis model.

8. The author refers to ―smokers‖ in the third paragraph most probably in order to

(A) show how thermal shock can provide food for some vent faunas by stunning small animals

(B) prove that the habitat of most deep-sea animals is limited to warm-water vents

(C) explain how bacteria carry out chemosynthesis

(D) demonstrate how advection compensates for the lack of food sources on the seafloor

(E) present evidence that bacterial chemosynthesis may be an inadequate source of food for some vent faunas

答案：5. AB 6. B 7."For example, some of the large sedentary" 8. E