雅思阅读摘要题题型5大解题步骤讲解

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雅思阅读摘要题题型5大解题步骤讲解

题型特点

字数限制• 一般回答最多不超过3个词。

题型特点• 考查范围分部分考查与全文考查。文章摘要题有可能是对文章局部内容的考查，比如某一段或某几段，也有可能是对整篇文章的考查。

顺序原则• 题目顺序与题目答案在原文中出现的顺序一致。

答案特点• 答案多为名词性原词重现。所谓名词性是指名词性质的词，包括名词与动名词;而原词重现是说答案均为原文的文字，不需要对词形或词性等做变更或更改。

解题步骤

①明确字数限制

•表格填空题解题过程中，考生必须培养第一步看字数限制的习惯。

②空格词性预判

• 根据空格前后的词性进行判断，

• 如adj+(n)，n+(n)，v+(n)等结构;

• 也可根据句子成分进行判断，

• 如空格为主语成分，基本为名词，表语成分基本为形容词

➂ 定位关键词

并分析定位句•找到空格所在句子的关键词，并定位到文中相应位置对定位句进行分析。

•注意空格所在句子中关键词与原文中的关键词替换;或空格所在句子的关键词是对原文定位句的同义概括。

➃ 理解原文与题干的同意替换

• 词语的替换，即词与词之间的替换

• 短语的替换，即短语之间的替换

• 句子的替换，即句子之间的互换

• 展开陈述形式，即以解释的方式来诠释某个词、短语或概念

➄ 填出答案

• 结合关键句和行列信息得出应该填写的内容。

雅思阅读机经真题解析-The Success of Cellulose

You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.

Not too long ago many investors made the bet that renewable fuels from bio- mass would be the next big thing in energy. Converting corn, sugarcane and soybeans into ethanol or diesel-type fuels lessens our nation's dependence on oil imports while cutting carbon dioxide emissions. But already the nascent industry faces challenges. Escalating demand is hiking food prices while farmers clear rain-forest habitats to grow fuel crops. And several recent studies say that certain biofuel-production processes either fail to yield net energy gains or release more carbon dioxide than they use.

A successor tier of start-up ventures aims to avoid those problems. Rather than focusing on the starches, sugars and fats of food crops, many of the prototype bioethanol processes work with lignocellulose, the "woody" tissue that strengthens the cell walls of plants, says University of Massachusetts Amherst chemical engineer George W. Huber. Although the cellulose breaks down less easily than sugars and starches and thus requires a complex series of enzyme-driven chemical reactions, its use opens the industry to nonfood plant feed- stocks such as agricultural wastes, wood chips and switchgrass. But no company has yet demonstrated a cost-competitive industrial process for making cellulosic biofuels.

So scientists and engineers are working on dozens of possible biofuel-processing routes, reports Charles Wyman, a chemical engineer at the University of California, Riverside, who is a founder of Mascoma Corporation in Cambridge, Mass., a leading developer of cellulosic ethanol processing." There's no miracle process out there," he remarks. And fine-tuning a process involves considerable money and time. "The oil companies say that it takes 10 years to fully commercialize an industrial processing route," warns Huber, who has contributed some thermochemical techniques to another biomass start-up, Virent Energy Systems in Madison, Wis.

One promising biofuel procedure that avoids the complex enzymatic chemistry to break down cellulose is now being explored by Coskata in Warrenville, III, a firm launched in 2006 by high-profile investors and entrepreneurs (General Motors recently took a minority stake in it as well). In the Coskata operation, a conventional gasification system will use heat to turn various feedstocks into a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called syngas, says Richard Tobey, vice president of Engineering and R&D The ability to handle multiple plant feedstocks would boost the flexibility of the overall process because each region in the country has access to certain feedstocks but not others.

Instead of using thermochemical methods to convert the syngas to fuel—a process that can be significantly more costly because of the added expense of pressurizing gases, according to Tobey—the Coskata group chose a biochemical route. The group focused on five promising strains of ethanol-excreting bacteria that Ralph Tanner, a microbiologist at the University of Oklahoma, had discovered years before in the oxygen-free sediments of a swamp. These anaerobic bugs make ethanol by voraciously consuming syngas.

The "heart and soul of the Coskata process," as Tobey puts it, is the bioreactor in which the bacteria live. "Rather than searching for food in the fermentation mash in a large tank, our bacteria wait for the gas to be delivered to them," he explains. The firm relics on plastic tubes, the filter-fabric straws as thin as human hair. The syngas flows through the straws, and water is pumped across their exteriors. The gases diffuse across the selective membrane to the bacteria embedded in the outer surface of the tubes, which permits no water inside. "We get efficient mass transfer with the tubes, which is not easy," Tobey says. "Our data suggest that in an optimal setting we could get 90 percent of the energy value of the gases into our fuel." After the bugs eat the gases, they release ethanol into the surrounding water. Standard distillation or filtration techniques could extract the alcohol from the water.

Coskata researchers estimate that their commercialized process could deliver ethanol at under $1 per gallon-less than half of today's $2-per-gaIlon wholesale price, Tobey claims. Outside evaluators a Argonne National Laboratory measured the input-output "energy balance" of the Coskata process and found that, optimally, it can produce 7.7 times as much energy in the end product as it takes to make it.

The company plans to construct a 40,000-gallon-a-year pilot plant near the GM test track in Milford, Mich., by the end of this year and hopes to build a full- scale, 100-million-gallon-a-year plant by 2011. Coskata may have some company by then; Bioengineering Resources in Fayetteville, Ark., is already developing what seems to be a similar three-step pathway in which syngas is consumed by bacteria isolated by James Gaddy, a retired chemical engineer at the University of Arkansas. Considering the advances in these and other methods, plant cellulose could provide the greener ethanol everyone wants.

Questions 1-6

Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

NB you may use any letter more than once

A. George W. Huber

B. James Gaddy

C. Richard Tobey

D. Charles Wyman

1. A key component to gain the success lies in the place where the organisms survive.

2. Engaged in separating fixed procedures to produce ethanol in a homologous biochemical way.

3. Assists to develop certain skills.

4. It needs arduous efforts to achieve highly efficient transfer.

5. There is no shortcut to expedite the production process.

6. A combination of chemistry and biology can considerably lower the cost needed for the production company.

Questions 7-10

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

7. A shift from conventionally targeted areas of the vegetation to get ethanol takes place.

8. It takes a considerably long way before a completely mature process is reached.

9. The Coskata group sees no bright future for the cost advantage available in the production of greener ethanol.

10. Some enterprises are trying to buy the shares of Coskata group.

Questions 11-13

Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

Tobey has noticed that the Coskata process can achieve a huge success because it utilises 11 as the bioreactor on whose exterior surface the bactcria take the syngas going through the coated 12 to produce the ethanol into the water outside which researchers will later 13 by certain techniques. The figures show a pretty high percentage of energy can be transferred into the fuel which is actually very difficult to be achieved.

文章题目：纤维素的成功

篇章结构

体裁

论说文

题目

纤维素的成功

结构

A段：可再生生物燃料面临挑战

B段：制作原型乙醇可以依靠纤维素

C段：生物燃料加工过程的微调需要花费大量时间和金钱

D段：Coskata公司将利用气化系统用热量把原料转化为singas

E段：由于热化学方法成本高，C

oskata公司选择生化途径

F段：利用singas生产乙醇的过程

G段：Coskata公司的商业化使得乙醇提取成本降低，产出能量提高

H段：植物纤维素制造乙醇前景广阔

试题分析

Question 1-。。。

题目类型：LIST OF HEADINGS

题号

定位词

文中对应点

题目解析

bacteria

F段第一句

F段第一句说”the heart and soul of the Coskata process” as Tobey puts it, is the bioreactor in which the bacteria live,意思是Coskata process（指的是利用singas生产乙醇）的核心在于细菌得以生存的生物反应器，选项中说获取成功的主要因素存在于organism所生存的地方，这个地方指的就是bioreactor.

因此，本答案为C

Similar

H段第三句

H段第二句提到了James Gaddy已经开始开发类似的通过三步细菌就会消耗singas生产乙醇的过程，原句is already developing what seems to be a similar three-step pathway ......中的similar就是和题目中的homologous是同义替换。

因此，本答案为B

techniques

F段倒数一二三句

F段说Tobey认为利用singas生产乙醇的过程依赖于一种吸管，通过这种导管使得大量气体得到有效传导，等细菌消化完singas就会释放乙醇，通过distillation和filtration techniques可以提取乙醇。这些导管，以及蒸馏，过滤技术都是一些assists.

所以，本答案选C

Less easily

B段第三四句

B段中提到Humber认为乙醇的制作由粮食中的淀粉，糖类等转移到纤维素，但是纤维素的分解不太容易，需要复杂的化学反应，而且目前没有一家公司具备生产成本优势，所以要想实现更高效的转化，需要付出艰苦的努力。

因此，本答案为A

No miracle，considerable time

C段第二、三句

C段中Charles Wyman提出了”there is no miracle process out there”也就是说，没有奇迹般的生产过程，和there is no shortcut to expedite the production process表达的意思一致，no miracle意味着no shortcut。而且，后面一句and fine-tuning a process involves considerable time and money也指出了微调的过程需要大量时间和金钱，也说明了没有捷径加速生产过程

因此，本答案为D

Costly, biochemical

E段第一句

E段中刚开始Tobey就提出了用thermochemical的方法把singas转化为燃料是more costly的，之后又提到Coskata group chose a biochemical route，说明biochemical的方法会降低成本。此句话中的biochemical和选项里的a combination of chemistry and biology是同义转换的。

因此，本答案选C

参考答案：

Version18106主题纤维素的成功

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

plastic tubes/ the filter-fabric straws

the selective membrane

extract

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