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托福阅读3个答题坏习惯不可不防 提升效率先戒了它们
1、词汇题仅信任认识度
熟悉托福考试的同学都知道,托福阅读试题中的词汇题经常会出现一些难度比较大的词汇,因此在做词汇题时,许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关,认识单词能做对,不认识单词就会做错。事实上,那些认识的单词经常做错,不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是,做不认识单词时,考生往往会仔细研读词汇题的上下文,力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时,忽略上下文的重要性,往往是装模作样的看一下上下文,便匆匆做出抉择。所以,做好词汇题关键。
2、读文章之前先做题
在考试的时候,很多考生一拿到试卷便直接翻看后面的题目,自己揣测题意。在这种方法相当于瞎子摸象,对文章只有局部而主观的认知,整个文章的概念是根本无法获得的。以自己的思想去猜测文章大意,很多时候会偏离主旨。所以,这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。
3、精读文章后再做题
有些同学与上述情况则相反,过度地依赖文章,在看到试卷之后,一字不将文章精读一遍再做题。如果你的阅读速度超群,或者这篇文章你很熟悉,那这样做未尝不可。但是一般来说,采用细读会导致做题时间严重不足。要知道,阅读理解测试的不止是理解,更是速度。
托福阅读如何化长为短?
1. 长句子
俗话说得好,世上本没有长难句,修饰成分多了便有了长难句。面对一个难以理解的长句子,我们首先去反应一个问题,这个句子的生词多不多?如果有较多不认识的生词,那么先从单词的查漏补缺开始做起。然而本文的重点不是单词的记忆,而是面对单词基本都认识,句子还是不理解或者读不下去的问题该怎么办。那么,问题的关键在于句子的语法结构你是否能够明析,能否快速判断出句子的主干和细节。接下来我们用一个例子加以说明。
A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.
这个句子的单词难度比较适中,但是句子本身的难度并不小。原因在于句子结构比较复杂,我们来对它进行庖丁解牛。
A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.
红色部分划出了这个句子的核心主干(即主谓宾),间隔很大,支离破碎。注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need,establish是及物动词,后面却加了介词in,说明此处有倒装,还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语(即蓝色划线部分)太长,为了防止头重脚轻。
原句中绿色部分是人名的并列,也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。紫色部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语,黄色部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectors。
综上所述,本句运用了多种语法结构(并列,倒装,同位语,后置定语,插入语)把主干部分分割得支离破碎,如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法,那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。
翻译:几位艺术收藏家(此处省略几位艺术家名字)将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者,尤其是有抱负的艺术家们,并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。
2. 长文章
说完句子结构,下面来说说段落和文章结构的重要性。面对比较长的段落和文章,要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息,做对题目,那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落为例来讲解。
In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democratsdominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
对于这种较长的段落,如何快速辨别段落内部结构和句与句之间的逻辑是理解的关键。[一般来说,段落的主题常出现的位置在段首和段尾,但是也有例外,比如段落内部出现转折,那么要注意转折后的内容与前面相反而且是重点。]
这个段落,首句在讲两个党派的社会组成是相似的,接着的第二三句出现了both、neither表示“都”、“都不”,提出了两点相似之处。第四句出现了关键性的however,而该句以及接下来的句子主语也发生了转变,都变为两个党派的其中一个。那么,可以推断出however之后的内容与前面相反,所以段落的主题落在了Democrats和Whigs社会组成的不同之处。
3. 长题目
(包括选项)
有些学生过五关斩六将,好不容易将文章意思弄懂的差不多了,一看题目和选项瞬间又一脸懵x。于是只能依靠“经典口诀”来蒙答案,三短一长选一长,三长一短选一短,参差不齐就选c。大家不要模仿哦!
选项看不懂这种情况的出现是为什么呢?主要原因在于选项的同义改写。
同义,意味着核心意思保持一致;改写,意味着换一种说法,简单的例如替换同义词语,复杂的例如改变句子结构。下面,我们结合前面所讲的长难句理解内容来做一道句子简化题。
The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.
B. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.
C. The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.
D. The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.
答案:选D
单词:
integrate v. 使融合;使结合
dominate v. 主宰
semisubsistence n. 半自给自足
languish v. 失去活力
快速做法:
Step 1:根据逻辑排除A,因果逻辑无
Step 2:根据主干结构排除C,主语不对
Step 3:细读B和D,发现B与原句矛盾,排除。
详细解析:
原句的结构比较简单易懂,主语是红色部分。句子逻辑是绿色的whereas,表示“然而”。所以这句话是在对比Whigs和Democrats势力分布上的区别。
A选项的极端词only、最高级wealthiest、because因果逻辑均无体现
B选项表示两个党派的势力在城市和乡村地区各自自然分布,与原句前半句矛盾
C选贤偷换主干,原句主干不是farming areas
D选项涉及同义改写,whereas与while同义替换,逻辑对应。poorer areas同义对应原句的more isolated and languishing economically;market fully operating同义对应原句的fully integrated into market economy
综上,对于托福阅读长难句,首先按照逻辑排除与原句不对应的改写,其次注意主干结构是否原句一致。掌握好这两个关键的步骤,很大程度上可以帮助我们快速排除掉“一本正经胡说八道”的选项了。
托福阅读总结题怎么做?
1.做到最后一题——总结题,瞅瞅时间18:30,瞬间心中凉半截;
2.凭印象选吧,6个选项中大概有5个都有印象;
3.排除细节吧,好像有4个以上都是讲的具体的例子;
4.只好回头看原文,再看题;
5.来回看;
6.石乐志。
有以上症状的同学,我们先换个角度考虑总结题的难度。
除最后一题及部分多选,前面十三道题如果用排除法的话,需要从4个选项中排除3个选项;相对的,总结题看似选择3个正确选项,实则也是排除法的套路排除3个错误选项,难度和前面的题目几乎持平。
为什么要用排除法呢?
各位同学在练习TPO对答案的过程中肯定会有这样的经历,就是正确选项其实也和我们期待的有所出入,选它只因为其他选项错的太明显了。同理,在完成总结题的时候,一味的追求正确答案并比对细节信息的话,必然回到原文大篇幅阅读,效率低下并错误率高。所以,我们的思维模式一定要调整过来。
下面,蔺老师介绍终极大招
“挖坑——填坑”两部曲
挖坑指的是,我们迅速阅读原文每段首尾句,总结段落大意并将文章除首(两)段代表文章引入部分的正文部分划分为3-4个极为简略的大概意思,这就是挖坑。
TPO3-2 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer
我们快速阅读每段话首尾句(共10句),可将除1-2段(大体介绍该蓄水层)之外的段落分为1. Ogallala带来的好处;2. Ogallala遇到的问题;3. 解决该问题的数个方案。
以上三个大体文章意思的分类,就是我们挖好的坑。
填坑指的是,符合以上主题的选择,我们保留,不符合的排除。
A.The use of the Ogallala for irrigation has allowed the High Plains to become one of the most productive agricultural regions in the United States.
A.选项符合“Ogallala带来的好处”坑要求,保留。
B.Given the aquifer’s low recharge rate, its use for irrigation is causing water tables to drop and will eventually lead to its depletion.
B.选项符合“Ogallala遇到的问题”坑要求,保留。
C.Releasing capillary water and introducing drought-resistant crops are less-promising solutions to the water supply crisis than bringing in river water.
C.选项不符合“解决该问题的数个方案”,而是方案之间的对比,排除。
D.The periodic deepening of wells and the use of more-powerful pumps would help increase the natural recharge rate of the Ogallala.
D.选项不符合“解决该问题的数个方案”,而是单独的某一个解决方案,排除。
E.In Texas, a great deal of attention is being paid to genetic engineering because it is there that the most critical situation exists.
E.选项不符合“解决该问题的数个方案”,而是单独的某一个解决方案,排除。
F.Several solutions to the upcoming water supply crisis have been proposed, but none of them promises to keep the costs of irrigation low.
F.选项符合“解决该问题的数个方案”,而是方案之间的对比,保留。
以上,我们没有进行任何的原文比对,只做了“选项是否能够填坑”的大致比较,且部分选项并不用全部读完,如F选项读到Several solutions表达的时候就已经符合填坑条件。
少数遇到只能排除2个选项的情况,可将剩下4个选项中来自同一坑的2个选项带入原段落进行比对,同样避免了满篇找词的尴尬,工作量大大减少。
托福阅读3个答题坏习惯
提升效率先戒了它们。今天小编给大家带来了 托福阅读3个答题坏习惯不可不防,希望能够帮助到大家,下面小编就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读3个答题坏习惯不可不防 提升效率先戒了它们1、词汇题仅信任认识度熟。下面小编给大家分享托福阅读3个答题坏习惯,希望能帮助到大家。 托福阅读3个答题坏习惯文档下载网址链接:
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