如何在托福考试中取得高分呢?这里有你不得不学习的技巧哦,快来一起学习吧。下面小编就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。
托福独立写作高分技巧拆分法
托福独立写作技巧:N-A-P-O
我把这个方法定义为“拆分法”:
对于独立写作题干中的比较笼统抽象名词(noun),我们可以从多个角度(angles)拆成很多小的单元(parts),各个击破它们(one by one)。这里包含的四个方面,取首字母,即N-A-P-O。
所以什么是拆分?NAPO!那拆分法能帮助我们快速找到哪些题目的解题思路?笔者的回答是,几乎所有的现象证明题和少部分价值判断的题目。而这些题目恰好是托福独立写作通关路上的“拦路虎”。
找到文章中的“拦路虎”
为什么这些题型是“拦路虎”?因为这些题目考的概率低,而且大部分学生都找不到分论点去写一篇完整的文章。那我们如何才能区分价值判断类和现象证明的题目呢?
价值判断类,简而言之就是,题干中包含一些感情色彩的词汇,比如better, best, necessary, positive等 。在文章论述过程中,会讨论某个对象或者现象“好不好”。
价值判断题在过去的2019年考试真题中,占90%的比例。
而对于现象证明的题目,题干中一般没有这些带感情色彩的词,只占差不多10%。下面看看这四道真题,能否区分哪些是现象证明呢?
1.2019/0309
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important problems affecting people’s life can be solved within our life time.
2.2019/0414
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students do not respect their teachers as much as they did in the past.
3.2019/1109 Many filmmakers make movies based on books. some people prefer to read the book before they watch the movie, while other people prefer to watch the movie before they read the book. Which one do you prefer?
4.2019/1208
The best solution for parents to prepare their children for elementary (primary) school.
a) young children practice reading books
b) parents reading books loudly for children
c) practice conversation with adults
很显然,1和2是现象证明,因为题干里面没有感情色彩词。
题目1.大家文章要讨论的是“影响人的生活的问题是不是会在当今得到解决”而不是“这些问题得到解决的好处”,更不是“这些问题对人们目前的生活到底好不好?
同理,题目2要讨论“现在的学生是不是没有过去的学生尊重老师”。
而题目3和4是价值判断的题目,题目4题干中出现了“best”,题目3中不管是题干还是问题中都有“prefer”这个表示偏好的词。
笔者在上文中提到,拆分法可以用于几乎所有价值判断类的题。那我们来分析下,2019年考到的价值判断类的题目有什么特点?
现象证明类题目的特点
2019/0113
Do you agree or disagree with the statement: students nowadays are more interested in politics than in the past.
2019/0414
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students do not respect their teachers as much as they did in the past.
2019/0223
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? it is difficult for teachers to be both popular (students like them) and effective to help students learning.
2019/0309
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important problems affecting people’s life can be solved within our life time.
2019/0825
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Although science and technology will continue to improve, the most significant improvements of the quality of people's lives have already taken place.
2019/1027
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The rapid development of cities is contributive to social progress. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
不难发现,要判断现象证明的题目可以分三步:
第一步,从设问方式判断
这类题设问方式都是:
Do you agree or disagree with the statement?
当然部分价值判断的题目也采用这种问法。
如果是需要你做出选择,比如题目这样问:
Which kind of professors will you choose when selecting the courses? Which one do you prefer?
那肯定是价值判断的题。
第二步,筛选有情感色彩的词
现象证明类题目中一般不包含情感色彩的词,比如有偏向性的词:
positive, unnecessary
比较级最高级和绝对词,比如:
too much ,only
但是也不能太绝对,价值判断类型的题目有些也是包含绝对词和比较级的。
第三步,文章内容是讨论”好不好”还是“是不是”?
价值判断类文章讨论的内容是“是不是”。总结下来就是1. 同意or不同意 2 ,偏向性3. 是不是。
拆分法的原则
那到底怎么拆分,拆什么呢?还记得NAPO吗?拆分对象一般是名词。怎么拆?笔者总结出来的原则是:PAW。没错!爪子原则!具体来说是:
P指的是介词preposition中的首字母P
A是abstract和plural 两个词共有的字母a
W指的是when, where和who
接下来,笔者会用PAW原则来分析近几年的题,尤其是2019年和2020年上半年的真题。
"P"在真题中的运用
PAW原则中的P指的是题干中出现的表示并列的介词preposition, 比如“and”和“or”
EG1 2018/0324 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should take time to relax with hobbies and physical activities different from what they do at work.
第一步要确定题目类型,这是价值判断的题目。因为题干中出现了情感色彩的词“should”。如果同意题目的观点,总论点是人们应该与通过工作不同的兴趣和开展方式来放松。中间段我们可以从两个角度来写,即根据介词and前后的内容,拆成hobbies 和physical activities 这两项。
第一如果有和工作不相关的hobbies, 这可以扩大我们的视野(万能理由broaden one’s horizon)。我们就可以把自己的触角伸到不同领域,实现全面发展(develop in an all-round way),这样更好地适应社会(be more competitive in adapting to the society).
第二如果我们的physical activities与工作不同,这样可以更好地平衡家庭和生活(strike a balance between work and life)。理由是现在很多人都太忙(full-scheduled),而且是伏案工作(bend over one’s work at desk),如果去做一些体育运动,可以得到更好的放松(relaxation)。当重新回到工作中会更加有精力(energetic),这样可以提高工作效率(万能理由,Improve efficiency)。
"A"在真题中的运用
PAW中的A,即将题目中的抽象名词(Abstract)和名词复数(Plural)进行拆分。
EG2 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than those made in foreign countries.
虽然题目中包含比较级,但文章要谈论的是“自己家国家的电视和电影节目是不是比其它国家的更有趣”,所以这是一个现象证明的题。我们可以将programs这个词进行拆分,如历史风景类节目(historical and scenic spots),介绍风俗文化的节目(tradition and customs)或者有关政治和宗教的节目(politics and religious beliefs)。
当然第三点不建议大家写,因为文章中可能包含一些敏感信息。选择自己感兴趣的几类节目进行拆分,比较自己和其它国家的节目就可以写成一篇完整文章了。
EG3 2016/0423 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Playing sports teaches people lessons about life.
这是一个现象证明的题。我们可以将sports拆分。比如足球篮球,可以教我们合作和竞争的重要性(the importance of cooperation and competition);从游泳和长跑中我们可以学到耐心(patience)和坚持的力量(persistence);还有近几年比较流行的瑜伽,可以让我们保持平和的心态(a peaceful mind)。
EG42019/0309 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The most important problems affecting people’s life can be solved within our life time.
这又是一道现象证明的题目,原因这里暂不分析。题干中出现的problems太笼统了,到底什么问题呢?我们可以拆分成与教育和健康相关的问题(education and health)。当然也可以对你所熟悉的任何领域的问题进行拆分,只要能把道理讲清楚即可。
拆分法非常灵活!具体来讲,教育方面的问题比如教育的不平等性(educational inequality)一定能通过线上教育(online education)得到解决。再加上政府更有意识(have the awareness)投入在教育上,如果每个人都获得好的教育(decent education),这也会促进经济发展和社会进步(万能理由economic development and social progress).
第二个部分可以写,困扰我们的健康问题如今也会解决。很多疾病因为技术的发展(medical development)变得可以治疗(curable).我们医疗体系也越来越成熟(healthcare systems)。
大家思考下,下面这道题是不是可以用同样的方法进行拆分呢?
EG5 2019/0825 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Although science and technology will continue to improve, the most significant improvements of the quality of people's lives have already taken place.
也可以分将Improvements拆分成教育和医疗方面的进步,和例子4写法和内容基本一样。
"W"在真题中的运用
PAW中的最后一项W,即根据时间(when)地点(where) 和人物(who)进行拆分。即在题干中涉及的对象中选择一个,按照年龄场景和职业拆分。
年龄:Children--adults-elders或者Primary students-senior high students-college students
场景school, family and society
职业students, workers
职业拆分成更小单元scientists, teachers, journalists等
EG6 2020/0104(下午) Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Teachers should assign homework that students must do every day?
这是一道价值判断的题,可以将老师根据工作类型进行细分,分成中小学老师(Primary and high school teachers)和大学老师和教授(teachers and professors )。
前者如果布置作业,学生的压力会太大(suffer from heavy pressure), 有可能还要熬夜赶作业(stay up), 这样不利于提高学习效率(万能理由improve study efficiency). 有些学生甚至产生逆反心理(complain and rebel ),这样学习表现会很差(academic performance)。
而大学老师如果每天都规定任务的话,会让学生为了完成任务而学习(fulfill the task)而不主动做事情(take the initiative to study)。这不利于以后工作(less competitive in the future career)。
EG7 2016/0910 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Neighbors do not depend on each other as before.
现象证明题。根据题目关键词来审题,是一道古今对比题。可以将Neighbors根据年龄拆分成青少年老人和成年人。
首先,对于现在的children and teenagers以及senior citizens,在空余时间(spare time)因为网络的发展(with the coverage of internet),娱乐方式会选择看电视和网络游戏。
而对于adults, 快节奏的生活(the fast-paced society)让他们有不同的时间安排(different time schedule),甚至面对面交流都做不到(face-to-face communication)。要注意在拓展时,和过去进行比较。
EG8 2020/0104 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is easier for people today to become more educated.
现象证明题,同样也是古今对比类题目。可以将people根据职业拆分成学生和工作人士。
对于children来说,因为国家的发展,家庭收入的提高(higher salaries),父母会在小孩的教育上投入更多.除此之外,他们的老师也受到更先进的教育(advanced education),会帮助到他们。
至于employees, 因为互联网的发展(the wide coverage of internet),使得他们有很多渠道去提升自己. (short-term training for certification, improve skills through online education)。
除此之外,全球化(globalization)的普及,让很多跨国企业(multi-national enterprises)的员工了解不同文化,提高沟通能力(communication skills)。
下面几个题目就根据题干中的名词所涉及的场景来拆分。
EG2 2013 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than those made in foreign countries.
这个题目之前讨论过,可以根据PAW中的A来拆分,同时也可以根据不同的国家countries来拆分。
比如USA这个文化大熔炉(the melting pot), 有很多节目可以让我们感受到强烈的文化冲击(cultural shock);UK一个日不落帝国(the empire on which the sun never sets )有很多辉煌的文化值得我们学习(the splendid culture);
India,一个神秘的国度(a mysterious place ),吸引我们的是历史和宗教(history and religion).这里拆分时,建议大家选择自己熟悉的国家,这样能更丰富地拓展。我们发现,这个题目可以从PAW中的W即地点来拆分,还可以根据A原则即笼统抽象的复数名词来拆分。
同一个题目,我们可以从不同的角度用不同的原则拆分。
EG9 2018/1110 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Competition among friends usually has a negative impact on friendship.
这是一个价值判断的题目,我们可以根据不同场合进行拆分。即工作和生意的竞争以及生活娱乐方面的竞争。总论点选择不同意这个观点。
具体来说,如果朋友间因为business和work产生竞争,帮助我们更好分辨朋友的真假。(distinguish the true relationship),因为很多人会因为自私(selfishness)做一些违背道德的事情。(distort the truth &cheating)。
如果是在生活方面比如Games和sports上的竞争,这样还可以促进交流,更尊重对方(enhance mutual respect)。能顺利通过挑战的关系一定是很坚固的(unbreakable).
EG10 2019/0414 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Students do not respect their teachers as much as they did in the past.
这是现象证明题,根据题目中的关键词还可以叫古今对比题。如果总论点是现在学生仍然尊重甚至更加尊重老师,可以拆分成对学生有影响的三个部分,即家庭学校和社会。
In families, 家长受教育程度更高(well-educated parents)会在注重学习表现(academic performance)的同时,灌输一些价值观念(instill high moral values),比如尊重老师。In school, 学校会开展相关的课程和观看电影来教育孩子(related course and movies);
In societies, 媒体会开展活动(launch activities),评选和宣传好老师(awards and personal honors).而且网络的发达,会将影响力进一步扩大。
2019/0113 Do you agree or disagree with the statement: students nowadays are more interested in politics than in the past.
这个题目也可以拆分为学生在家庭,学校和社会中受到影响,而更加关注政治。观点和上面这个题目类似。
在用方法W(when where who)分析的例子6-10中,例子7.8和10都是现象证明的题中需要进行古今对比的,所以之后碰到类似的题目可以想一想可否用拆分的方法?
同时还要注意,拆分的几个部分是不相互包含的。比如有人将people拆分成年轻人,中学生和大学生。中学生和大学生也属于年轻人,这种分法就有重复。
再比如将people根据职业job or careers拆分成企业家,科学家,和新闻工作者。有些科学家和新闻工作者也是企业家,所以也是有相互包含的。如何做到拆分的对象不相似?这个问题之后还可以继续探讨。
关于拆分法的总结
通过对这十道题的分析,大家是不是对拆分法更熟悉并能灵活运用了呢?其实拆分法并不适合所有独立写作的话题。
对于大多数独立写作话题比如价值判断类的题目还是需要借助一些平时积累的常用理由,去找到2到3个分论点,然后再去拓展。拆分法可以分析几乎所有现象证明的题和部分价值判断题。
这个方法还可以用在段落拓展中,以后还会慢慢分析。
最后复习一下,拆分是什么?NAPO!
即将一些名词(N)通过不同的角度(A)分成几个部分(P),然后每个部分各个击破(One by one)。
怎么拆分呢?PAW!
拆分题干中介词(Preposition)and或者or连接的名词, 表示抽象概念(Abstract)的名词复数(Plural),和时间(When)地点(Where)人事物(Who) 三个原则.
总结下来就是:What and How ? NAPO and PAW!
大家学会了吗?
托福独立写作名词类使用易错点分析
托福独立写作名词类使用易错点分析。托福独立写作中因为词汇运用不当所导致的扣分问题层出不穷。很多同学并非不知道这些词汇语法问题,许多情况下都只是没有太过注意才会导致错误发生。下面上海新航道托福网上课程培训小编小编就来为大家讲解托福独立写作中词汇中名词的常见用法注意事项,帮助大家了解扣分原因找到解决方法。
1. 可数名词要有冠词代词或复数
Even expert or scholar specializing in a certain field might cover a vast spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.
During high school, a very important time in a person’s education career, student will learn skill necessary to be successful in university and the work world.
第一句句子中的expert和scholar都是可数名词,因此需要在这些词之前加上冠词(定冠词或不定冠词)或物主代词,或变为名词的复数形式。Even experts or scholars specializing in a certain field might cover a vast spectrum of knowledge in order to succeed.
第二句句子中的student和skill也都是可数名词,全句应该改为:During high school, a very important time in a person’s education career, students will learn most of the skills necessary to be successful in university and the work world.
2. 集合名词的单复数要注意
我们来看下面的例句:
Technology is developing at a remarkable speed that our ancestors might never have foreseen.
在此句句子中,technology 是不可数名词。考生是否可以将这句句子改成:Various modern technologies are developing at a remarkable speed that our ancestors might never have foreseen呢?technology到底是可数名词还是不可数名词?
当technology理解为抽象的“科学技术”,即强调总称时,是不可数名词,如例句中的Technology is developing at a remarkable speed中的technology正是对“科学技术总称”的指代。当强调“各种各样”科技产品的时候,此时的technology则是可数名词,如例句 Various modern technologies are developing at a remarkable speed. 这类名词称之为“集合名词”,在托福独立写作中,经常使用的“集合名词”还有government,如:
The central government is so concerned about keeping pandas in existence that it is spending millions of dollars trying to determine how to artificially inseminate the giant panda. (中央政府是一级具体的“政府机关”,因此使用可数名词形式)
It is crucial for government to setup more funds by attracting larger investments to solve financial problems encountered during the course of environment-related projects. (这里的政府是“行政机关的总称”,因此使用不可数名词形式)
3. 名词的首字母大写要求介绍
在哪些情况下,名词需要对其首字母进行大写(capitalization)?
表示月份:February
表示历史事件:The Enlightenment
表示历史时期:The Middle Ages
表示书刊、报纸:The New York Times,The Washington Post
表示节日:Christmas,the Spring Festival
表示国家(地区):North America
表示专有名词:the Amazon
以上就是托福独立写作词汇类问题中的名词用法注意事项介绍,希望能给大家提供一些词汇运用方面的参考帮助。
常见易错的托福独立写作词汇使用问题解读,谓语动词类错用情况分析!
托福独立写作中因为词汇运用不当所导致的扣分问题层出不穷。很多同学并非不知道这些词汇语法问题,许多情况下都只是没有太过注意才会导致错误发生。下面上海新航道托福在线课程小编就来为大家讲解托福独立写作中词汇中谓语动词的常见用法错误,帮助大家了解扣分原因找到解决方法。
托福独立写作词汇错误:主谓一致
我们来看以下句子:
Admittedly, books written on the basis of realities is valuable to most people.
A less complicated social environment is the most agreeable condition that help maintain the simplicity of children’s mental world.
第一句句子的主语是books,因此谓语动词应该用复数形式are而不是is,这就是“主谓一致”,即:谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致。因此,原句的正确表达为:Admittedly, books written on the basis of realities are valuable to most people.
第二句句子的主语是a less complicated social environment,谓语动词应该用单数形式helps. 因此,原句的正确表达为:A less complicated social environment is the most agreeable condition that helps maintain the simplicity of children’s mental world.
我们再来看以下句子:
The number of students who walk to school has been significantly increased.
A large number of advertisers are filling commercials with appealing visual effects so as to spark consumers’ desires to buy such targeted products.
在托福独立写作中,the number of和a large number of是考生经常使用的两个短语,前者表示“…的数量”,后者表示“大量的”。第一句句子中的主语是the number of students,“学生的数量”是单数的,所以谓语应该使用单数形式has,而不是have. 又如:There has been a sharp increase in the number of Internet users since last year. 第二句句子中的主语是a large number of advertisers,“大量的广告商”是复数的,所以谓语应该使用复数形式are,而不是is.
托福独立写作词汇错误:谓语动词的表现形式
我们来看以下句子:
Most students like to watch TV cannot finish their homework in time.
Children who find passion in sports holding on to this passion throughout life, which leads to a healthier and more successful future.
第一句句子中like to watch TV和cannot finish their homework in time都是谓语动词,一般而言,两个谓语动词需要用连词(如and或but)进行连接,或者可以将like to watch TV变为从句,如:Most students who like to watch TV cannot finish their homework in time(定语从句).
第二句句子没有谓语。句子中who find passion in sports是修饰children的“定语从句”,which leads to a healthier and more successful future是以which为引导的“非限定性定语从句”。整句句子的谓语动词应该是hold,而不应该使用非谓语形式(holding)。在托福独立写作中,尤其要注意there be句型中“谓语的表现形式”,如:
There are a great variety of articles and topics accurately reflect the diversity of users’ interest.
因为there be句型中的be本身就是谓语成分,所以不能使用reflect,而应改为:There are a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the diversity of users’ interest(定语从句);或There are a great variety of articles and topics accurately reflecting the diversity of users’ interest(非谓语结构)。
托福独立写作词汇错误:谓语动词的语态
“语态”表现的是主语和谓语之间的关系,托福独立写作中主要使用“主动语态”,不建议频繁使用“被动语态”。
我们来看以下句子:
Many children can avoid their most disliked courses if they are given the opportunity to choose.
Because the content of an e-book is delivered electronically to their devices, students can shop for e-books and receive them almost immediately, any time of the day or night.
第一句句子中“避免最不喜欢的课程”动作的发出者是“孩子们”,因此是“主动语态”;而他们“被”提供机会进行选择是“被动”的。第二句句子中“电子书的内容”和“将电子版本传输到学生的设备之中”是“被动”的关系,而学生“购买电子图书”和“不管白天还是黑夜,可以第一时间收到这些图书”都是“主动”的关系。
我们来看下面的例句:
Modern citizens are faced unprecedented psychological pressure when they are heavily loaded with mountains of information from the network of mass media.
从句中,they (指现代公民,modern citizens)和满载着大量信息(load with mountains of information)是“被动”的关系,而他们和面临空前的心理压力(face unprecedented psychological pressure)是“主动”的关系,所以原句应该改为:Modern citizens are facing unprecedented psychological pressure when they are heavily loaded with mountains of information from the network of mass media.
在托福独立写作中,face是考生经常需要使用到的单词,解释为“面临、直面”,face也是一个很难正确使用的单词。当要表达“他面临着很多生意上的麻烦”意思的时候,考生可以使用He is facing many business troubles. 或者He is faced with many business troubles. 因为face往往用于“主动语态”,而be faced with用于“被动语态”,又如:
When facing overwhelming challenges, each individual should be well equipped with a vast range of knowledge and a broadened mind.
When they are faced with the increasingly powerful domination of money, people ought to take precautions as early as possible so as not to become slaves of wealth.
以上就是托福独立写作词汇类问题中的谓语动词错误解析,希望海新航道托福在线课程小编的分享能给大家提供一些词汇运用方面的参考帮助。
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