托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解

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托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解?这5种后置定语考点要了解。今天给大家带来了托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解,希望能够帮助到大家在托福考试中拿高分，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解?这5种后置定语考点要了解

什么是托福阅读中的后置定语?

托福阅读中后置定语，顾名思义分为后置和定语两个部分。后置也就是此种短语出现的位置是在名词之后，定语就是起到修饰限定作用的短语，注意是短语而不是句子，本质上相当于形容词。所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语。

托福阅读后置定语第一类

形容词做后置定语。如：fossil available.即为可用的化石。

托福阅读后置定语第二类

介词短语做后置定语。如lava on the surface，中 on the surface介词短语修饰lava，表示为表面上的熔岩。

托福阅读后置定语第三类

现在分词短语做后置定语。如the blood vessels carrying cooled blood.中的carrying cooled blood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定the blood vessels，理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。

托福阅读后置定语第四类

过去分词短语做后置定语，the gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability 中的caused by its diminished ability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the gradual drying of the soil，理解为减少的能力导致的土壤的干燥。

托福阅读后置定语第五类

不定式短语做后置定语。the ability to absorb water中to absorb water限定修饰 the ability，理解为吸收水的能力。

托福阅读练习题及答案

PASSAGE 1

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.

Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.

But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs ofhis competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-poundbricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have totravel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The influence of ice on the diet

(B) The development of refrigeration

(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century

2. According to the passage , when did the word icebox become part of the language of the United States?

(A) in 1803

(B) sometime before 1850

(D) near the end of the nineteenth century

3. The phrase forward-looking in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) progressive

(B) popular

(D) well-established

4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because

(A) many fish dealers also sold ice

(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars

(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox

5. The word it in line 5 refers to

(A) fresh meat

(B) the Civil War

(D) a refrigerator

6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?

(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars

(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice

(D) Inadequate understanding of physics

7. The word rudimentary in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) growing

(B) undeveloped

(D) uninteresting

8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would

(A) completely prevent ice from melting

(B) stop air from circulating

(D) use blankets to conserve ice

9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been on the right track (lines 18-19) to indicate that

(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm

(B) Moore was an honest merchant

(D) Moore's design was fairly successful

10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to

(A) charge more for his butter

(B) travel to market at night

(D) produce ice all year round

11. The produce mentioned in line 25 could include

(A) iceboxes

(B) butter

(D) markets

Answers:

BBACC DBCDA B

PASSAGE 2

The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves,transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face ofthe Earth.

Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported bywind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks,streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immensepolarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominatesthis entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running fromhigh altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.

The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measureof the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for awater molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean— we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days inthe atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. Thislast figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere butalso the rapidity of water transport on the continents.

A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved andtransported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form thethin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from twoclosely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.

1. The word modifying in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) changing

(B) traveling

(D) destroying

2. The word which in line 5 refers to

(A) clouds

(B) oceans

(D) compounds

3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water

(A) precipitating onto the ground

(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state

(D) being carried by wind

4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network (line 8) is to

(A) determine the size of molecules of water

(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding

(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers

5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?

(A) The potential energy contained in water

(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds

(D) The relative size of the water storage areas

6. The word rapidity in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) significance

(B) method

(D) reliability

7. The word they in line 24 refers to

(A) insoluble ions

(B) soluble ions

(D) continents

8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT

(A) magnesium

(B) iron

(D) calcium

9. The word efficiency in line 27 is closest in meaning to

(A) relationship

(B) growth

(D) effectiveness

Answers:

AACCD CABD

托福高失分率考题盘点之阅读

托福高失分率考题主要围绕几种出现频率较高的题型

Factual Information questions细节题，Negative Factual Information questions排除题，Rhetorical Purpose questions修辞目的题，Sentence Simplification questions简化句子题，Prose Summary文章内容小结题。

1、Factual Information questions细节题

细节题也称为事实信息题，考察方向主要围绕对文章细节的定位和理解展开。常见问题形式为：According to paragraph X, which/what/why...or in paragraph X, the author suggests/indicates...

做题方法：根据题干定位词找到段落细节位置，然后对细节句子进行分析理解其中心内容，并从4个选项中选择意思一样的选项。

做题难点：考生易错点在于有些错误选项非常相近于正确选项，但是增加了一些无关信息或者跟文章提供信息相反，有些错误选项甚至跟定位到的文章句子细节附近的句子内容一样，但是跟题目所问的内容无关，即所谓的答非所问选项，特别需要注意一下题干，因为一些题目会在题干上做手脚。如果考生没有很准确的分析清楚文章哪句是正确答案，以及哪个选项的意思是跟所定位的句子完美匹配的话，考生很容易错选。

In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals. (TPO1 THE ORIGINS OF THEATER)

According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater

A. Are mainly hypothetical

B. Are well supported by factual evidence

C. Have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologists

D. Were expressed in the early stages of theater’s development

[以origins of theater为关键词定位至本段第一句，one must rely primarily on speculation, 主要靠推测，也就是A, 主要是推论的。B和C选项跟原本相似，但是内容相反，D选项文章下文有提及，但是跟剧院起源的理论无关，说的是在剧院发展的早期阶段社会意识到了能影响和控制食物产量的力量]

2、Negative Factual Information questions排除题

方向类似排除题跟事实信息题考察，只是做法正好相反，需要考生从文章中找出3个正确的选项，排除一个错误答案。常见标志为NOT/EXCEPT。

解题方法：先找出题干中的定位词，并细读4个选项找出其中关键词，然后定位到文章所在位置进行详细分析并匹配，进而找出错误选项。入手点，有些选项会以并列的形式连续出现，可以直接排除这几个连续选项。

解题难点：错误选项有三种情况，一是文章没有给出，二是文章对应句子意思错误，三是答非所问项即于题目答案无关选项。而考生一般容易错在与第二种和第三种情况。

This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930’s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980. (TPO3 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer)

According to paragraph 4, all of following are consequences of the heavy use of the Ogallala aquifer for irrigation EXCEPT:

A. The recharge rate of the aquifer is decreasing.

B. Water tables in the region are becoming increasingly lower.

C. Wells now have to be dug to much greater depths than before.

D. Increasingly powerful pumps are needed to draw water from the aquifer.

[分别以recharge rate, water tables, wells, powerful pumps做关键词定位至本段前三句，B/C/D三项以并列连续的方式在原文中出现，而A选项，讲述内容跟文章对应信息不符，说明的是蓄水层的补水率低不是选项说的补水率在下降，而且跳出这道题看，随着地下水位的下降，井必须打得更深，水泵必须功率更大，这是一系列的因果关系，只有A不是这个因果序列中的]

3、IRhetorical Purpose questions修辞目的题

修辞目的题考察的是考生对文章段落逻辑关系的把握。只有很好的明白文章段落是以何种方式展开的，考生才能准确得选出正确答案。常见形式：题目Why does author mention...? 选项To provide/ suggest/explain...

解题方法：首先看所考察内容所在句子里或者前后有没有明显的指示词，比如句子前有for example, 则举例子是为证明前一句的观点，如果句子后面有因果连接词比如therefore，则所考察内容是为了引出后文结论。如果所考察内容所在句子里或者前后没有明显的指示词，则需要分析整段落的结构关系，一般这时答案往前找，常见为这段的主旨句。

解题难点：一考生容易判断错到底往前还是往后找答案，二考生会误选错误选项内容为对所考察内容的同义替换。

Most of the world’s potable water—freshwater suitable for drinking—is accounted for by groundwater, which is stored in the pores and fractures in rocks. There is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes of Earth. At greater depths within Earth, the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close, reducing the space that pore water can occupy, and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers. The greatest water storage, therefore, lies near the surface. (TPO28 groundwater)

In paragraph1, why does the author mention “the pressure of the overlying rock”?

A. To show how water can be forced deep under Earth’s surface

B. To show why groundwater is more plentiful than surface freshwater

C. To correct a commonly made error about the location of groundwater

D. To explain why most groundwater lies near Earth’s surface

[正确答案：D。在高亮部分的描写之后，本段的最后一句出现了，therefore。这里也是在说the pressure of the overlying rock导致的结果，也就是文章提到它的目的。其结果是，大部分的水储都在比较表面的地方。所以其目的就是要解释为什么水都在表面的地方。因此选D]

4、Sentence Simplification questions简化句子题

简化句子题考察是考生分析长难句的能力，即可以准确的区分句子主要内容和次要信息以及它们两者之间的逻辑关系。常见问题形式：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information?

解题方法：先抓出主句中心意思，然后对应选项主句排除主句错误信息，接下来再分析次要信息以及主从句之间的关系。

解题难点：考生容易忽略主句和从句逻辑关系，只关注句子内容的完整性;另外句子所有意思不一定会全部包含在答案中，所以考生只需确认最主要信息正确有时候就可以选对。

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.

B. The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.

C. Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.

D. Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.

[原句转折，说仪式虽然被抛弃了，但随着仪式产生的戏剧却保留了下来，所以原句重心在后半段。A是条件，错，而且原文说rites没保留，A反了;B和A错的原因类似，首先因果关系错，其次myths没抛弃，说反了;C也错在抛弃了myths, 与原文相反，D正确]

5、Prose Summary文章内容小结题

文章内容小结题主要考察考生对主要观点，错误信息和细节信息的分辨能力。

问题常见形式为文章最后一题，要求考生在6项中选择3项主要信息。

解题方法：有些选项内容跟之前考过的题目的考点内容一样则一般要选择;有些选项是对一段或者两段内容进行概括，一般常见于段落主题句，碰到必选。

解题难点：考生有时因为时间较紧会根据印象做题，进而会错选选项跟之前做过题目相似的内容，然而其实此选项跟之前的题目内容不一致，比如跟原文内容相反或者加入一些文中没有的信息，建议可以回到前文去确认一下;细节信息也是考生会错选的关键，有些信息跟文章中出现内容一致，但却不是主要信息，而是段落中的一个例子或者是一个支持段落主题句的一个细节信息。

以TPO1 TIMBERLINE VEGETATION ON MOUNTAINS为例：

A. Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. [选项提到了具体的树种桦树，明显是一个例子，细节选项，不选]

B. There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline. [There is选项对应第四段首句，正确]

C. The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds. [此选项非常具有误导性，内容完全符合文章内容，可以直接从段落中找出，但是却也是个细节信息，不选]

D. The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics. [The geographical选项对应第二段的第三句和第三段的首句，正确]

E. High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex. [虽然文章有提到ultraviolet light, 但是并没有进行比较，选项错]

F. Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures. [Despite选项对应原文的最后两句，正确]

总的来说，建议托福考生在做阅读题目时，能打起十二分精神仔细审查题干和选项，不要轻易被误导选项所欺骗。相信在抓住阅读考试的特征之后，考生能比较容易的取得高分!想要报名培训班，暑假一起提分，可关注微信号cdlongre，领取0元试听课，听后满意再报名，选择适合自己的才是的!