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托福阅读鸡肋题型否定事实信息题解题方法实例讲解

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托福阅读10大题型中的否定事实信息题Negative Factual Information Question一直被认为是比较鸡肋的题型,今天小编给大家来托福阅读鸡肋题型否定事实信息题解题方法实例讲解,希望能够帮助到大家,下面小编就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读鸡肋题型否定事实信息题解题方法实例讲解

托福阅读否定事实信息题基本题型特点介绍

首先来看一下到底什么是否定事实信息题Negative Factual Information Question,这一题型在小编看来其实类似事实信息题,只不过其提问方式是反过来的,别人问的哪个选项在文章中有提到,而否定事实信息题则是问以下哪个选项文章里没有提到或是不正确,下面给出两个此题型的标准提问方式:

1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?

2. The author's description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT.

大家可以看到,这两种提问方式,都是和事实信息题反其道而行的提问方式,如果说事实信息题考生无需看完全部选项,只要依次看选项,看到哪一个文章里有提到就能直接选的话,那么否定事实信息题就要求考生必须把所有的选项都仔细过一遍才能比较容易的发现正确选项。

为什么说否定事实信息题是鸡肋题型?

之所以把否定事实信息题成为鸡肋题型,主要原因还是在于解答这类题型投入的时间精力和回报并不成比了,简单来说,如果不掌握正确方法,做这类题型基本上都是在做亏本买卖。而会招致这种鸡肋评价的原因主要有两点:

1. 正常流程解题耗时多

如上文所说,考生按照正常流程解答否定事实信息题的耗时是比较多的,因为每道题目4个选项中,有3个选项是文章中提到过或是符合文章内容的选项,为了确认这些选项的正确性考生往往会逐一到文章里去寻找各个选项的对应内容,之后才能找到哪个选项没有提到或是存在错误。这个解题流程的耗时可能是解答其它题型的好几倍,但题目的基本分值却是相同的,由此其性价比也就变得很低了。

2. 自带审题陷阱针对粗心考生

另外,细心看过上面题目提问方式的同学可能已经发现了,无论是NOT还是EXCEPT,虽然都特意进行了大写处理,但因为其所在位置处于题目的末尾处,因此对于一些看题不仔细,没看完全部题目就开始做题的粗心考生来说,这种提问方式本身也是自带陷阱的,常会有考生一不小心就看成了相反的题目要求做错题目。明明难度并不算高,做起来却那么费时间又容易出错,也难怪这一题型会不受大家待见了。

否定事实信息题实用解题思路实例分析

那么,面对这样鸡肋的否定事实信息题,考生是否有较为快捷高效率的解题方法思路呢,答案当然是有的,下面小编就通过实例来为大家做具体分析:

例题:

Darwin's theory is that 'selective breeding' occurs in nature as 'natural selection' is the engine behind evolution. Thus, the theory provides an excellent basis for understanding how organisms change over time. Nevertheless, it is just a theory and elusively difficult to prove. One of the major holes in Darwin's theory revolves around “irreducibly complex systems.” An irreducibly complex system is known as a system where many different parts must all operate together. As a result, in the absence of one, the system as a whole collapses. Consequently, as modern technology improves, science can identify these “irreducibly complex systems” even at microscopic levels. These complex systems, if so inter-reliant, would be resistant to Darwin's supposition of how evolution occurs. As Darwin himself admitted, “To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus for different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I free confess, absurd in the highest degree.

Question: All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as a viewpoint to state the natural selection is difficult to prove EXCEPT

A. The belief that the complexity of the human eye could have been formed by natural selection seems highly unlikely

B. The presence of irreducibly complex system contradicts how evolution occurs

C. Modern microbiology proves that irreducibly complex systems exist

D. Selective breeding is the major hole in the theory of natural selection

上面这道题就是一道较为标准的否定事实信息题,想要较为快速的解答这类题型,小编的建议有如下几点:

1. 先看题目再看文章

现在大部分考生采取的托福阅读的解题流程都是边看文章边做题,这么做效率会比较高一些,这种做法小编也是比较支持的,但在具体操作上,小编的建议是考生可以先看一下题目所属的段落,然后再根据题目来逐段阅读,也就是说,大家在开始看每段文章前,先把根据这段文章提出的几道题目都简单审一下题,之后再看文章边看边找答案。这种做法对于提升否定事实信息题的解题效率会很有帮助,先圈定了对应段落,考生需要查看核对选项是否提及或是正确与否的范围自然也会缩小很多,核对起信息来效率就能得到提升了。

以上面这一题为例,题目中直接告诉了大家这道题就是围绕着paragraph4来出的,因此考生只需要关注这个段落就可以找到答案。如果考生先看过了题目,了解了4个选项的大概意思,之后再仔细阅读一遍第四段,那么想要找出正确答案想必会省力很多。

2. 归纳段落大意和核心信息

确定好题目的对应段落,接下来大家就需要在阅读文章的同时归纳段落大意和核心信息了,因为否定事实信息题涉及到的都是文章里的事实信息,所以考生只要对段落里包含的各类事实信息进行整理归纳,再逐一对应到选项上进行排除就能迅速找到答案。

比如上面这道题,选项A对应的是文章最后一句 “As Darwin himself admitted, “To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus for different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection”.

选项B对应的是“One of the major holes in Darwin's theory revolves around “irreducibly complex systems.” An irreducibly complex system is known as a system where many different parts must all operate together. As a result, in the absence of one, the system as a whole collapses.”和“These complex systems, if so inter-reliant, would be resistant to Darwin's supposition of how evolution occurs”

选项C对应的是“Consequently, as modern technology improves, science can identify these “irreducibly complex systems” even at microscopic levels.”

唯独选项D没有对应内容,文中提到的major hole是irreducibly complex systems而并非selective breeding,因此这个选项才是本题要选的选项。

托福阅读考试需要留检查时间吗

托福阅读考试的时间是按篇来给的,也就是每篇托福阅读文章只给你20分钟的时间完成,提早完成了第一篇,并不会给你下一篇留有更充足的时间。所以,即使你能提前做完一篇也只能检查刚刚做完的这一篇,而一般情况下,这样短的时间是检查不出来什么错误的,因为你的思维还是停留在写答案的时候。

所以在托福阅读考试中,我们应该尽量争取一次做对,阅读时候速度可以比平时放慢一些,耐心读取题目的中心句。另外可以在考试过程中对一些提问关键信息作下笔记,帮助你更迅速定位题目,因为文章本身是会高亮标明一些问题中涉及的句子和要求解释的单词,所以有的时候连笔记都可以省掉。

另外大家要注意的就是时间来不及的情况。这就要求大家平时训练时候,还是坚持一次性原则为好,尽量把答完一篇文章的时间控制在16分钟内,这是一个参考标准,如果达不到这个阅读速度,面临真题时候就会遭遇很大的难度,根本来不及检查。

托福阅读需要留检查时间吗?通过上面的内容我们可以看出,在托福阅读备考中,不提倡大家留托福阅读检查时间。这样也可以促使大家在做题的时候比以前更加集中注意力,托福阅读考试的正确率也就会有所增加。

托福阅读:10秒搞定阅读长难句的方法

阅读中的长难句一直是让大家头疼的问题,且不说长难句中那些数不胜数的冗长单词,就单单是那句子长度,动辄跨度好几行,也足够让人心凉半截,究竟从何看起呢?下面新东方在线柳湘君老师就来教大家一种可以快速掌握的方法。

在托福考试的时候不可能也没有时间把句子中的每个信息点都读完,当然句子这么长,也不可能所有的信息都是major idea。而我们要做的第一步当然就是提取major idea,也就是所谓的主干。这个主干如何提取呢?

有人说,看句子的第一步当然是划出谓语动词。但是柳湘君老师建议从介词着手,介词对于学生来说简单并且容易识记,这样他们就会很快地找出来。而介宾结构一般是起修饰作用的,那绝不可能成为句子主干,学生们需要做的就是把它们找出并剔除掉就好了。我们来看下面一个例子:

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.

此句话中的红体字都是比较容易找出的介宾结构,当我们把它们剔除掉之后,这个句子就变成:

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles and a subtle drop so that the skin moves down slightly, can lead to pleasant feelings.

这一步做完之后可以发现,句子已经减少了不少内容。接下来可以把起修饰作用的形容词与副词划去。对于一个冗长的句子,做减法可以激发学生们把句子读下去的欲望,何乐而不为呢?

做完减法之后,头疼的问题来了,一个句子套一个句子,都是些什么从句?如何判断?建议把这个句子作为一个整体框起来,然后暂且不当它是句子,就当成一个单词,那么这个单词在文中充当的是什么成份它就是什么从句了。我们接着用上面那个例子。

首先在划从句之前,可以把连接词找出来,这对学生来说不是难事,比如说例句中的3个连接词分别是that, which及so that。因为which之前有一个逗点,很容易判断这是一个断点,那我们就先暂且不管that所在的部分,这样就可以划出两个句子。

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles and a subtle drop so that the skin moves down slightly, can lead to pleasant feelings.

于是,这个句子就变成

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, A B, can lead to pleasant feelings.

我们把A B作为一个整体,就很容易看出其是修饰名词smile的,充当的是定语的作用。而至于A与B的关系,我们只需要知道两者是由so that引导的表示结果的关系就好。这个时候,我们再去看that引导的句子就容易多了。

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, A B, can lead to pleasant feelings.

简单说,这个句子就变成了Ekman has found C. 很容易判断C在本句中是充当宾语成份的,即宾语从句。

大家都知道,在英语语法中,定状补都是作补充说明成分的,也是需要我们做减法剔除掉的信息,而宾语是作为主干存在的,是我们需要保留的信息。那么这个例句的主干最后就成了:

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile can lead to pleasant feelings.

这样一个句子相信大家理解起来就毫不费劲了。由此可知,分析长难句其实就是通过做减法去修饰留主干的过程。

托福阅读备考之长难句分析:管弦乐音响

The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy),heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy),and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors,which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively).( TPO40,48)

A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound,from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

(介词结构from…to…作定语)

持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进,包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和,改善金属框架,以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝,最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响,从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。

分句1:A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century;

分句2:including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it;

分句3:the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality;

分句4:finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects;

分句5:from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound;

分句6:from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance。

本句的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成,即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects. 分句2和分句3并列修饰说明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements,而分句5和分句6并列,修饰说明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.



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