GRE阅读文章中的让步关系

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GRE阅读文章中的让步关系

功能：让步关系在GRE阅读文章中往往起到承上启下的作用，而且有让步就必然由转折，这是新GRE阅读里面的一个永恒不变的规律，这为我们理解文章中提供了新的思路。

标志词：新GRE阅读文章中的让步关系多种多样，大部分是比较明显的，标志性的词有 still，nevertheless, in spite of, all the same, even so, after all, ofcourse等。此外，还有一类特别值得关注的让步关系，即由do, may,have引导的强调句作让步，这类让步往往是考生容易忽视的地方，而恰恰是容易出题的地方。

案例分析：Black Fiction does leave some aestheticquestions open. Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerableobjectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention tojudge the merit of the various works — yet his reluctance seemsmisplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led tointeresting results. For instance …

In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in hisdiscussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fictionsurveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in theprocess some fascinating and little-known works like James WeldonJohnson's AutobiX.Xraphy of an Ex- Colored Man. Its argument is tightlyconstructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheadedand penetrating criticism.

这是一篇考过的GRE阅读文章中的最后两段，在上面的一段的第一句，作者用does来强调BlackFiction遗留下一些审美问题，同时表示让步。GRE阅读中，有让步就必然又转折，真正的转折在下一段。从下一段的第一句in spite ofsuch omission,就可以看出，文章开始真正的转折了。在这里，in spite of suchomission这一句起到承上启下的作用，从来这句话中可以看出，Rosenblatt的作品的确存在冗长的现象，但是Rosenblatt作品里也确实有很多值得研究的地方!借助让步关系，我们可以把握住作者的态度，及其文章的逻辑结构。

在新GRE阅读文章中，我们分析文章说到底是为了更加准确的做题。通过让步关系，我们把握住作者的态度，在做态度题(GRE阅读的必然练习题)的时候，就有了胜算。例如，这篇文章下面有一道这样的题：

The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as

(A) Pedantic and contentious

(B) Critical but admiring

(C) Ironic and deprecating

(D) Argumentative but unfocused

(E) Stilted and insincere

纵观全文，可以看出作者对这本书是正评价，但不是彻底的正评价，因为有让步。要找的答案是主态度的正评价，但不是完全的正评价，有保留的。A、 C、E都是由and连接，无法表示让步和转折，故此不可以;D有but，但D的but之后为负评价，也不行。只有B，虽然批评，但是推崇，是有让步的正评价。可见，通过让步关系来把握作者的态度，不仅有助于提高做态度题的速度，而且还提高了准确度。

GRE阅读材料练习：网络超市售卖生鲜蔬果前路坎坷

Grocery has so far resisted the rise of online shopping. That may be about to change,THERE is a huge difference between being late and being too late, said Dalton Philips, the boss of Morrisons, on November 21st, as he announced the launch of the British grocer's online-shopping service.Morrisons' competitors have been selling broccoli and baby food via the internet for more than a decade.Britain's fourth-largest grocery chain had shunned e-commerce as a profit-sapping distraction.

杂货店可能将无法再抵制住网购的盛行,莫里森公司的老总菲利普于11月21日宣布实行英国杂货店商网购服务，并且说道：迟了和太迟了之间有着很大差别。莫里森公司的竞争对手已经通过网络销售花椰菜和婴幼儿食品长达十多年了。英国第四大百货连锁店一直将电子商务视作其利润的瓜分者并加以规避。

It paid with falling market share and the defection of some of its best customers to Tesco, the country's biggest grocer, and Ocado, an online-only supermarket.Morrisons' change of heart will be noticed beyond Britain.Grocery is the biggest category in retailing but the most resistant to the advance of online shopping.Even in Britain, where it has gone furthest, it may account for just 5% of sales this year.But it is growing fast everywhere.The Boston Consulting Group expects the global market to grow from 36 billion this year to 100 billion by 2018.

而代价是不仅丢失了市场份额，也失去了它们的客户。这些客户转而投向英国的食品杂货商乐购公司和只做网上超市的Ocado公司。莫里森公司的回心转意将会引起英国以及以外的关注。食品杂货是零售业中的一类，但也是最抵制网上购物发展的一类。即使是在英国，网上购物也已经发展很久了。可能会占到今年总销售额的5%。这种迅速发展的网购势头随处可见。波士顿咨询集团预计截止到2018年，全球的市场将会从今年的360亿美元增长到1000亿美元。

Grocers have held back for good reasons.Like many bricks-and-mortar merchants they fret that online commerce will shrivel sales in stores but not the costs associated with them.Grocery, with its tiny profit margins, adds complications.Virtual shopping-carts contain dozens of low-value items, which must be stored at different temperatures.Retailers can either get in-store staff to pick them off the shelves, which becomes disruptive as volumes rise, or build dedicated warehouses, which is costly. So are home deliveries: even in thickly settled Britain each one costs grocers around 10, but shoppers typically pay little more than 3.

杂货商放慢脚步是有原因的。很多实体商铺的老板担心在线商务会其他们的销售额下降，但是却不会降低其相应的成本。作为收益颇微的食品杂货更使这一情况变得雪上加霜。虚拟的购物车中包含着很多低价值的物品，这些物品都需要在不同温度的环境中储存。零售商们只能要要店里的员工把它们挑拣下架，然而数量一多就变得凌乱不堪;或者是花巨资建立专门的仓库。送货上门也是这样：即使是在人口密集的英国，每个物品也将花去杂货商10英镑，然而购物者却只需要为此支付不到3英镑的费用。

Consumers are also wary.Many want to examine fresh produce before they buy it.They recoil when online grocers deliver substitutions instead of what they ordered.Many shoppers try grocery websites but get discouraged, says David Shukri of the Institute of Grocery Distribution in London.Among pioneers there have been spectacular wipeouts.California's Webvan expanded at breakneck speed, pampered customers with services like home delivery within half-hour slots, lost control of costs and collapsed in 2001.

消费者也感到担心。他们很多人想要在购买之前先检查生鲜农产品。当他们收到的物品不是他们订购的而是在线杂货商发出的替代品时，他们会撤销订单。伦敦超市物流研究所的大卫说道：很多人试图通过杂货商的网站退货但是‘屡屡受挫'。在众多先驱者当中，有很多全军覆没。其中位于加州的Webvan公司以极快的速度扩张业务，为消费者们提供半小时送货上门的服务，导致其无法控制成本，最终于2001年倒闭。

Its demise deterred imitators.In Britain Ocado has yet to make much money after more than a decade.Tesco claims its online operation, with nearly half the British market, is profitable.But it uses murky accounting for the cost of stores, where much of the produce is picked, says Andrew Gwynn of Exane BNP Paribas, an investment bank.Yet to shun online is to risk losing grocers' best customers, prosperous families and those with children.

这一教训使很多后来的模仿者望而却步。在英国，Ocado公司在经营10多年后还没有多少盈利。乐购声称其占据了英国将近一半市场的网上业务是有利可图的。但是Exane BNP巴黎投资银行的安德鲁?格温表示，该公司在对很多提供农产品的店面进行成本计算时采用了模糊化处理。但是回避网络意味着将失去很多杂货店的消费人群。

It really is a prisoner's dilemma and you can't afford not to play, says Chris Biggs of BCG.Guess who's delivering dinner?In America, today's Webvans look sturdier.Peapod, the biggest American online grocer, acts as the internet arm of the Giant and Stop & Shop chains; all are part of Ahold, a Dutch giant.It has shown a flair for innovation: Peapod's customers can buy by scanning images of products on delivery lorries and coffee cups with their mobile phones.

比如那些富裕的以及有孩子的家庭。波士顿咨询集团的克里斯?比格斯表示：这真是一个如困兽般进退两难的地步，你无法承担不参与其中所带来的损失。猜猜谁在给我们提供晚餐?在美国，今天的Webvans公司看上去很坚实。美国的在线杂货商豆荚公司，充当了Stop & Shop连锁店巨头在互联网中的左膀右臂;而它们都是荷兰巨头阿霍德集团的一部分。该企业充分表示了其创新性：豆荚公司的客户可以用手机扫描送货车或是咖啡杯上的商品图片来购买相应产品。

Lazy Manhattanites have been ordering Thanksgiving feasts from FreshDirect, the second-largest online grocer, which is partly owned by Morrisons. Both ventures prosper because they cater to well-off families, largely in cities.American behemoths are unlikely to leave the field to specialists.Amazon began fresh-food deliveries in Seattle in 2007 and in Los Angeles last year.It is expected to add maybe 20 cities in 2014, some abroad.Traditional grocery chains will respond.

慵懒的曼哈顿人已经开始通过FreshDirect公司来订购感恩节大餐了。该公司是全美第二大在线杂货商，莫里森公司拥有其部分股份。由于这些服务的对象大多是城市里富裕的家庭，因而这些新兴服务都很成功。美国的巨头公司们也不会袖手旁观，把机会让给业内行家。2007年，亚马逊在西雅图就开始它们的生鲜运送业务，去年发展到洛杉矶。它们预计到2014年将会把业务拓展到20个城市，包括海外城市。传统的食品杂货连锁店也会对此作出反应。

They are determined not to repeat the mistakes other sorts of retailers made at the turn of the century, when they were too afraid of Amazon, says Robert Hetu of Gartner, a technology-research firm.Safeway, the second-largest supermarket chain in North America, is the only one besides Ahold with a substantial online operation.

Walmart, the world's biggest retailer, remains hesitant.Neil Ashe, its head of e-commerce, has questioned whether the chain's budget-minded customers want groceries delivered.

一家技术研究公司的罗伯特表示: 它们决心不会重蹈覆辙，重复其它零售商在世纪之交时犯的错误，它们那时过于惧怕亚马逊。北美地区第二大连锁超市Safeway公司是除了阿霍德集团外的一家拥有大量网购业务的公司。全球的零售商沃尔玛公司仍持观望态度。其电子商务主管阿西亚对它们那些精明的客户是否需要食品杂货运送服务表示质疑。

But this may be changing. A pilot project in San Francisco and San Jose is being extended to Denver.Walmart Labs in Silicon Valley has imported many of the people who developed the online-grocery business at Asda, its British subsidiary.On November 25th Walmart said that its new chief executive would be Doug McMillon, who as head of the international operation is responsible for Asda.He may speed Walmart's halting American effort.

但是他可能改变想法。在旧金山和圣何塞的试点项目正扩展到丹佛。沃尔玛在硅谷的实验室先后引进许多在其英国子公司阿斯达开发网上杂货业务的人。沃尔玛于11月25日表示将任命阿斯达国际化经营的负责人麦克米伦为其首席执行官。他可能会加速沃尔玛网络业务的进程。

If a big American retailer plunges in, others will take it seriously and the market will expand rapidly, says Mr Biggs.With luck, the newcomers will avoid the mistakes of earlier stumblers.Where internet grocery is still immature, supermarkets can encourage shoppers to click and collect from stores rather than spoil them with home delivery.A likelier model for sprawling, car-crazy America is France, where shoppers pick up groceries from drive-through supermarktes.

比格斯先生，如果一家美国零售巨头进来分一杯羹的时候，其它企业就都认真起来了，市场将很快被拓展。如果运气好的话，这些新来的可以避免早期失足者的错误。网上超市还很不成熟，超市可以鼓励顾客从商店点击领取，而不是送货上门的方式。对于一个汽车泛滥的美国来说，法国的做法可能是美国模仿的对象。

As volumes rise, picking will shift to shopperless dark stores and to automated, super-efficient fulfilment centres like Ocado's.BCG reckons that shoppers who become online converts spend 30% more.Another boon is that distribution centres on cheap land consume less capital than urban stores.Online grocers can thus earn a decent return on capital even with thin operating margins, Mr Gwynn says.He expects Ocado, which will share its second fulfilment centre with Morrisons, to achieve its first proper profit next year.

在那里购物都是从免下车超市自行选取商品。随着业务量的上升，选购的方式可能慢慢演化成看不见人流的隐形商店，并逐渐变成类似于Ocado的高效、自动化物流中心。波士顿咨询集团估计，成为网上购物者将多消费30%以上。另一福音是在廉价地区的分配中心的花销比市区门店的少。因此，温格说，网上杂货店可以赚取可观的回报即使利润微薄。他预计Ocado公司，这将与莫里森公司共享其第二物流中心，于明年实第一次实现适当的利润。

But as more consumers do their bulk buying online, and grocers start shutting their bigger urban stores, there will be a lot of large retail properties looking for new tenants.Morrisons does not have the luxury of starting slowly.It hopes to make up for its late start by entrancing shoppers.It will post frank ratings of its produce to build trust, a trick learnt from FreshDirect.If a customer doesn't like the look of the fresh food delivered to her door, she can send it back and claim a voucher.

但随着网购消费者的增多做，杂货店开始关闭其更大的市区门店，这样以来就会有很多的大型零售物业寻找新的租户。莫里森承受不起慢慢来的巨大代价。它希望让客户沉迷于其开展的业务以弥补起步较晚的劣势。它们将发布产品的信用评级制度，这是从FreshDirect学到的。如果客户对送到她们门口的新鲜食品不满意，她们可以要求退货并索要发票。

Isn't this the sort of coddling that wrecked Webvan?No, says Mr Philips, for three reasons: Morrisons will exploit its buying power, its emphasis on fresh food brings relatively high margins and it will piggyback on Ocado's operations.The latecomer will beguile shoppers.It may be harder to charm shareholders.

这会不会像Webvan公司那样过分纵容消费者呢?不会，飞利浦先生认为有三个原因：莫里森将利用其购买力，为购买新鲜食物带来相对较高的利润率，同时也会捎带开展Ocado的业务。后来者会欺骗消费者，也将更难讨好股东们。

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