Issue与argument备考的不同点

Issue与argument备考的不同点，快来一起看看吧，分享下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

Issue与argument备考的不同点

Issue：准备提纲

Issue要求考生根据所给的题目，完成一篇表明立场的逻辑立论文。Issue题库涉及社会、文化、科技、历史、政治、艺术等诸多方面。不同类型的题目有较大差别，但在同一类型的题目中却包含了许多命题方向非常接近的题目。

Issue写作对于论据的要求是非常高的，因此你的名人事例的储备，相关知识量的积累是非常重要的。这一环节也正是GRE考生最为头疼的一部分，举不出支持自己的观点的例子，因此让自己的文章显得只有苍白的论证，缺乏说服力。因此要多读历史，积累例子，尤其关注那些重要的哲学家、科学家、艺术家、政治领袖等人的生平事迹、主要贡献。例如Issue里的这样一道真题：“Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society。”(真正影响深远的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家总是与他们的时代和社会步伐不一致)。这个题目如果没有必备的那些思想家和艺术家的例子，文章必然缺乏说服力。因此读历史积累写作素材，具体说就是论据素材是拿高分的一个重要环节。

另外，写提纲对于Issue部分的备考是至关重要的，也是最占用时间、最核心的一个环节。每一个题目的提纲力求详细，不用去写开头段和结尾段，就写正文各段你的各个分支观点，也就是正文部分的论证过程。除了论证以外，写完后想想可以用些什么论据，把支持论证的论据也写上。需要强调的是，一定要较为详细地写Issue提纲，否则，在考场如果遇到没有思考过的题目，很容易自乱阵脚，导致失败。此外，题目必须考前按题材分类去写提纲，看懂，知道对立面和大致写作思路。论据往往在同类的很多题目中通用。写完提纲后，再写20-40篇完整的文章(语言能力弱的话，尽量多写)。

Argument：掌握逻辑

Argument要求考生分析所给题目，完成一篇驳论文，指出并且有力地驳斥题目中的主要逻辑错误。Argument部分，首先要熟悉每一个题目，找出主要的逻辑错误，也就是Argument题目的提纲，同时每一个逻辑错误准备一套语言套路去说。写完每一个题目的提纲后，写10-15篇完整的文章(语言能力弱的话，可以增加写作量)，找partner帮你改，知道错误以后再重写。

有些考生写GRE文章，喜欢用专业性的逻辑用语，其实没有必要，就事论事比较好。在批驳的时候为了显得有力，可以多用用for example、it is possible that、it is likely that之类的句型，因为Argument就是挑错与找茬的过程。如果实在觉得错误不好找，那么就根据每一句话批，基本上，每一个表示原因的句子中都可能存在逻辑错误。

有人认为，Argument背一下错误分类就可以了。但是在实践中这些只是次要的方面，主要的还在于寻找论述者的论据和事实是否对论点做了充分且必要的证明。只有找出他们之间的缺点和不足,文章才会流畅。掌握逻辑的因果关系，更好地把握文章的结论,会写出更漂亮的文章，而不是仅仅的survey、response、data等一些谁都用的东西，无论什么都是越具体越有说服力。

难度： Issue>Argument

总的来看，Issue难度高于Argument。对于考生来说，Issue比Argument要求拥有更扎实的写作功底和更严密的逻辑思维。同时，ETS对于Issue的模板化和plagiarisms更加敏感。总之，获得Issue高分需要较多的努力。相比之下，Argument内容相对单一(出错的逻辑类型比较少)，题目中给了考生更多的提示信息，因此提高Argument成绩容易一些。

参照ETS评过分的范文，我们不难发现：无论Issue还是Argument在评分标准上都有共同之处：第一，观点要有深度，论证要有说服力;第二，组织要有条理，表达清晰准确;第三，语言流利，句式复杂，词汇丰富。这三条说的也就是行文的“思想性”、“结构性”以及“表达性”。众多高分作文的考生大凡都在这三个方面做得很好，我们理所当然也要从这里入手，采取“各个击破”的方法解剖GRE作文的本质，从而得到一个理想分数。

GRE写作：政府该如何对待艺术

【关于“政府和艺术”的GRE Issue原题】

82"Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that a museum wishes to exhibit."

101"Governments should provide funding for artists so that the arts can flourish and be available to all people."

【关于“政府和艺术”的GMAT Issue原题】

22. Clearly, government has a responsibility to support the arts. However, if that support is going to produce anything of value, government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.

对于GRE和GMAT这种政府要不要资助艺术以及艺术作品是否应该受到政府的监督的话题，我们给大家补充论证素材如下：

政府虽然有义务支持艺术，但艺术家必须清楚地认识到，政府对艺术的管制也是必须的、不可避免的。

The artists who have expectations of support without controls do not really understand the basic nature of government as organized force. Any government, whether communist or democratic, represents political and coercive forces. All the resources and powers of the government tend to be deployed to serve the interests of the political group in control and also to deal with things that threaten the very survival of the state. This is as true of the United States as it is of the Soviet Union. Either type of government must also establish bureaus and procedures for any of its activities, whether it's running the army or supporting artists. Any decision to make something a government activity is also a decision to place it under bureaucratic management with various controls and reporting methods for measurement of results.

GRE写作官方题库高频ARGUMENT题目满分范文分享：chain of stores selling health food

GRE作文官方题库ARGUMENT题目：

Nature’s Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products, is opening its next franchise in the town of Plainesville. The store should prove to be very successful: Nature’s Way franchises tend to be most profitable in areas where residents lead healthy lives, and clearly Plainesville is such an area. Plainesville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. Finally, Plainesville’s schoolchildren represent a new generation of potential customers: these schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness-for-life program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

【满分范文赏析】

In this memo the vice president of Nature’s Way (NW), a chain of stores selling health food and health-related products, recommends opening a store in Plainesville. To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) membership at the local health club has peaked; and (3) the city’s schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program. Close scrutiny illuminates the fact that the assumptions lend little credible support to the recommendation.

【本段结构】本段采用了标准的Argument开头段结构，即C—A—F的开头结构。段落首先概括原文的Conclusion，接下来概括原文为支持其结论所引用的一系列Assumption，最后给出开头段到正文段的过渡句，指出原文的Flaw，即其Assumption不能为其结论提供可靠的支持。

【本段功能】本段作为Argument开头段，具体功能就在于发起攻击并概括原文的结论，即NW应在Plainesville开店。本段接下来分布列举了原文中NW的副总裁为支持其结论所引用的事实：(1)锻炼鞋和服装的销售量空前的高;(2)当地健身俱乐部的会员数达到最高点;(3)该市的学童被要求参加一个健康计划。这些信息的归纳为正文段中即将进行的具体攻击作铺垫。

Let’s first examine the assumptions that strong sales of exercise apparel indicated that Plainesville residents would be interested in NW’s products, or even that these residents are interested in exercising. Consider the possibility that exercise apparel could be in fashion. Perhaps exercise apparel is inexpensive compared to other types of clothing. For that matter, perhaps the stronger-than-usual sales are due to increasing sales to tourists. In short, without a conclusive market analysis, the vice president fails to provide a link between the sales of exercise clothing and the projected sales revenue of a new franchise. Therefore, a conclusion based on this particular assumption, that Plainesville residents would be interested in health food based on the sales of a particular style of clothes, is entirely undependable.

【本段结构】本段采用了标准的Argument正文段结构，即：概括第一个逻辑错误的错误类型和其在原文中出现的位置，接下来给出合理的理由和他因来反驳原文。

【本段功能】本段作为正文第一段，攻击原文中出现的第一个重要逻辑错误——因果类错误。原文的因果链条如下：

P镇运动服饰销量高——P镇居民对健身感兴趣——P镇居民对NW的健康食品感兴趣。

这一因果链并不成立。首先，并不能推出，造成的原因也有可能是运动服的价钱便宜，或是旅游业带动等等。其次，即便成立，也不一定说明居民对NW健康食品感兴趣。因此还需要提供具体的市场调查等证据来表明成立。

Let’s examine this assumption a little more in depth.The rate of membership at the local health club is little indication that NW will be “very successful” in Plainesville. It is possible that club members in thePlainesvillearea are nowhere near the anticipated site for the NW store. Perhaps the club’s primary appeal isn’t even health related. Maybe it is a social site attracting members only as a meeting place. Besides, the actual number of members was never mentioned. Even if the club’s members would patronize a NW store, these members might be insufficient in number to ensure a profit for the store.

【本段结构】本段采用了标准的Argument正文段结构，即：概括第三个逻辑错误的错误类型和其在原文中出现的位置，接下来给出合理的理由和他因来反驳原文。

【本段功能】本段作为正文第三段，攻击原文中出现的第三个重要逻辑错误——因果类错误。本段对上面提到的假设作进一步分析，并指出：当地健身俱乐部的会员数并不能预示NW将在Plainesville“非常成功”。例如，Plainesville地区的俱乐部会员可能离NW预期开店的地方很远，俱乐部的主要吸引力可能与健康无关，而只是一个为会员们提供集会地点的社交场所。另外，原文中也从未提及俱乐部会员的具体数目。即使俱乐部的会员们会光顾NW的商店，这些会员们在数量上也可能并不足以保证商店盈利。

Now, let’s attend the assumption that a mandatory fitness program inPlainesville’s schools somehow indicates that a franchise would be very successful there. Without a market analysis, we cannot determine the spending power of this demographic, nor can we determine their ability to affect overall household buying habits. Besides, mandatory participation is no indication of genuine interest in health, fitness or related products.

【本段结构】本段采用了标准的Argument正文段结构，即：概括第四个逻辑错误的错误类型和其在原文中出现的位置，接下来给出合理的理由和他因来反驳原文。

【本段功能】本段作为正文第四段，攻击原文中出现的第四个重要逻辑错误——因果类错误。原文假设在Plainesville的学校中开设的一个强制性的健康计划将以某种方式预示着NW的商店将会非常成功。如果没有一个市场分析，我们不能确定该地区人们的购买力，也不能确定他们影响全部住户购买习惯的能力。另外，强制性的参与也并不能体现出对于健康或相关产品的真实兴趣。

In sum, the recommendation of the vice president relies on unproven assumptions, whichrender the argument unconvincing. To bolster argument and validate the recommendation, the vice president must provide clearerconnections between the argument and the assumptions upon which it is based.

【本段结构】本段采用了标准的Argument结尾段结构，即C—S的结尾结构。段落首先再次重申原文站不住脚的Conclusion，接下来给出可以增强原文说服力的合理的Suggestion，包括原文作者需要进一步提供的证据和信息等。

【本段功能】本段作为Argument结尾段，具体功能即为总结归纳+提出建议。段落首先再次重申强调Argument作者的论证不合理，接下来给出合理的建议：副总裁必须对Argument和其所基于的Assumption之间提供更清晰的关联。