托福听力备考中如何发现自身真实问题

托福听力备考中如何发现自身真实问题?合理跟读解决多个困境。今天小编给大家带来托福听力备考中如何发现自身真实问题，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福听力备考中如何发现自身真实问题?合理跟读解决多个困境

托福听力的听不懂到底包含了多少问题?

说到托福听力，听不懂似乎成为了一种万能的错误低分原因，凡是对听力素材中有地方有信息没听清，那就都算是听不懂。然而导致这种听不懂，实际上可能的原因却是多种多样的，考生想要真正发现自己的问题和弱点，进行针对性地突破提升，就需要明确自身听不懂的真实原因所在才行。

想要检测出自己听不懂的原因，最为简单直接的方法是听写。具体的测试方法是根据考生自身当前的听力水平，以段落为单位播放听力素材，在播放过程中考生需要尽可能的进行记录，把自己听到的信息尽量完整地记下来。每完成一段听力的听写，大家根据记录结果统计一下出错或是遗漏的情况，在进行5-10次这样的听写后，大家就可以从统计情况中找到自身听不懂的具体原因了。

1. 专业词汇听不懂

对于托福考试的素材选择，无论是听力还是阅读，ETS都会强调一个不考背景的底线，也就是考生无论是什么专业，对于托福考试各个题型中给出的素材都应该是具备基本的理解能力的。因此大家不要太过把听不懂的责任怪罪到托福听力素材中有什么难度太高的专业词汇，实际上这种情况更多的是考生自身缺乏对各个学科基本知识的认知，或是没有能力在分辨不出少数专业词汇的情况下从听力素材上下文中找到其定义解释。也就是说，其实因为听力中出现专业词汇而听不懂的情况从理论上来讲是基本不存在的。这一点在阅读中也是同样。所以大家如果说自己是因为专业词汇出现而听不懂，那么真实问题其实更多是在于自身的听力理解能力有问题，需要进一步挖掘原因才行。

2. 特定话题听不懂

既然不是专业词汇听不懂，那么就如同上文所言，很大可能是考生缺乏对特定学科的基本认识所导致。托福考试听力阅读等各个科目在文章话题的选择上的确有较为广泛的涉猎，很多大家平时不感兴趣的冷门话题都有可能出现，而对于这些话题缺乏了解，没有积累这类话题最基础的词汇，因而导致特定话题听不懂，这样的情况的确是比较常见的。之所以会出现这类问题，简单来说就是ETS这群老外出题者认为考托福考生都应该知道的基本常识，实际参加考试的我们并不知道，这种认知上的差异造成了大家听不懂的情况。对于这种情况，结合托福出题中不同话题的出现频率，进行一些基本学科知识和词汇的积累补充是很有必要的。

3. 句子听不懂

除了话题听不懂，很多同学也会发现自己句子听不懂，可能有些同学事后看听力素材的文本资料，会发现自己当成阅读来看都能理解，文章句子里的每个单词也都认识，为何到了听力中组合在一起的时候就听不懂了呢?这类听不懂，小编认为可能的原因有语法逻辑以及语音现象方面的原因。从语法逻辑的角度来说，托福或者说英语对于一些意思的表达方式和中文是存在差异的，比如语句顺序上的前置后置等等;从语音现象的角度来看，连读轻读弱读等发音方式，也会让缺乏经验的同学难以习惯和适应，一不留神可能整个句子就过去了而自己还没听出个大概。

4. 词汇听不懂

而最后一种常见的听不懂情况就是词汇听不懂，如同上面所说，如果是专业词汇听不懂，实际上更多的可能性要特定话题的问题，而如果不是专业词汇，而是一些相对常见的词汇没听懂，那么问题就很简单了，你的托福词汇量需要补足。托福考试对词汇的要求是很高的，缺乏足够的词汇量，考生在任何一个题型中都会遇到许多困难，而听力听不懂也只是其中的表现之一。解决方法当然也很简单，提升词汇量就行了，一方面结合词汇资料特别是高频词汇类资料进行整体提升，另一方面每次遇到听不懂的生词都注意当场收集整理背诵出来，双管齐下词汇听不懂的问题自然能得到解决。

以上听不懂问题都可以靠跟读解决

无论大家听不懂的具体原因是上述原因中的哪一种，通过合理的跟读训练其实都能得到解决，因为跟读的最终目标就是让大家能够脱离文字并尽可能的模仿原文的语音语调。所以如果是词汇听不懂，无论是不是专业词汇，大家都能在跟读训练过程中得到积累，并通过反复发音加强对词汇的音形结合记忆;如果是句子听不懂，大家在跟读时也能通过从读不顺到越读越顺的过程梳理和适应英文的逻辑思维方式，并最终做到模仿，同时由于跟读要求对语音语调的完全模仿，不熟悉语音现象的问题也能被克服。可以说跟读正是解决听不懂多种原因的万能灵药。

总而言之，托福听力听不懂并不是大家做题不顺考试失利的遮羞布，考生应该对听不懂的原因具体分析对症下药，才能更有效率地提升实力考出更好的分数，而通过跟读来达成这一目标也是相当实用的方法，希望大家能够通过本文内容学习并掌握。

2020托福听力练习：沥青路自主融冰技术

Every winter some 20 million tons of salt are dumped on America's roads.

The sodium chloride melts ice or prevents its formation, helping to prevent accidents.

But road salt has its downsides.

"This is actually not very economical, because salt is mainly corrosive."

Seda Kizilel, a chemical engineer at Koc University in Istanbul, Turkey.

She says salt's corrosive effects don't discriminate—they affect "vehicles and also nature, plants, microorganisms."

So Kizilel and her colleagues designed a road substance that can de-ice itself.

They started with a polymer called SBS, commonly added to strengthen asphalt.

They whipped up an emulsion of SBS with potassium formate,

an alternative salt that's been studied as a more environmentally friendly de-icer than regular road salt.

Then they added that emulsion to bitumen-the sticky black stuff in asphalt.

They subjected their creation and regular bitumen to the winter weather conditions that typically lead to black ice.

Turns out the hybrid compound delayed ice formation 10 minutes longer than the control.

And the samples continued releasing salt for more than two months.

The study is in the journal Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.

Of course, 10 minutes of de-icing is a nice head start—but it's not going to put salt truck drivers out of business.

"But we're saying that, during the first 10 to 15 minutes, when the road becomes very icy, this material and this release of salt from this functional bitumen is going to be very useful and potentially eliminate many accidents on the roads."

The next step, she says, is to pave a test surface and drive on it-to literally see what happens when the rubber meets the road.

Every winter some 20 million tons of salt are dumped on America's roads. 每年冬天在美国的高速公路上会撒约2000万吨的盐。

The sodium chloride melts ice or prevents its formation, helping to prevent accidents. 因为盐能够将冰融化及阻碍冰形成，而且有助于减少事故发生。

But road salt has its downsides. 但这种道路用盐也存在着弊端。

This is actually not very economical, because salt is mainly corrosive. 并不经济，因为盐具有腐蚀作用。”

Seda Kizilel, a chemical engineer at Koc University in Istanbul, Turkey. 土耳其伊斯坦堡科克大学的化学工程师赛达克赛尔说道。

She says salt's corrosive effects don't discriminate-they affectvehicles and also nature, plants, microorganisms. 她表示盐的腐蚀作用不容小觑-会对车辆、自然、植物及微生物造成影响。

So Kizilel and her colleagues designed a road substance that can de-ice itself. 因此克赛尔和她的同事们设计出可以自主融冰的公路材料。

They started with a polymer called SBS, commonly added to strengthen asphalt. 她们首先从一种名为SBS的聚合物开始，这种物质通常用于增强沥青。

They whipped up an emulsion of SBS with potassium formate, 她们将SBS的乳状液同甲酸钾混合搅拌。

an alternative salt that's been studied as a more environmentally friendly de-icer than regular road salt. 而甲酸钾是一种对环境影响较小，能够替代盐的物质。

Then they added that emulsion to bitumen-the sticky black stuff in asphalt. 然后她们把这种乳状物加入到沥青中的黑色粘性物质柏油中。

They subjected their creation and regular bitumen to the winter weather conditions that typically lead to black ice. 而后这种添加新物质的复合物同普通柏油都被放置在冬季天气环境条件下进行对比试验。

Turns out the hybrid compound delayed ice formation 10 minutes longer than the control. 结果显示，相比普通柏油，这种新的复合物需要多10分钟的时间才能形成冰。

And the samples continued releasing salt for more than two months. 而未来2个月的试验中，样本中的复合物还能不间断的释出盐类。

The study is in the journal Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 这项研究已在《工业与工程化学研究》杂志上发表。

Of course, 10 minutes of de-icing is a nice head start-but it's not going to put salt truck drivers out of business. 当然，将冰的形成时间延长10分钟是一个很好的开始-但这并不意味撒盐融冰将退出历史舞台。

But we're saying that, during the first 10 to 15 minutes, when the road becomes very icy, 我们是说在开始的10至15分钟内，当路面开始结冰，

this material and this release of salt from this functional bitumen is going to be very useful and potentially eliminate many accidents on the roads. 这种材料的沥青及从中释放出的盐类能够消除避免许多路面的事故。

The next step, she says, is to pave a test surface and drive on it-to literally see what happens when the rubber meets the road. 她表示下一步就是要在一小块路面上铺设这种材料并在上面驾驶进行实际试验，验证橡胶与路面接触会发生什么。

2020托福听力练习：水熊顽强生命力

Forget cockroaches. Forget Superman. Forget any other tough-as-nails creatures you've ever heard of. The most indestructible multicellular organisms on Earth are undoubtedly tardigrades—microscopic eight-legged aquatic invertebrates also known as water bears.

These wee beasties can withstand severe dehydration, extreme temperatures and pressures, several days in Earth orbit exposed to the vacuum of space, and whopping doses of radiation that would kill most anything else. And, being Earthlings, there's no reason to think they'd be vulnerable to kryptonite.

Scientists are beginning to understand the genetic basis of tardigrades' death-defying superpowers. And what they're learning may have profound implications for human health.

The genome for a species of tardigrade was first sequenced last year. The analysis suggested that about one-sixth of the DNA was imported from notoriously hard-to-kill bacteria—but that conclusion was soon disputed, with all that bacterial DNA blamed on laboratory contamination.

Now, a new genome has been published of an exceptionally hardy tardigrade species. And it finds that almost all of the DNA is homegrown—and chock-full of sequences responsible for cellular protection and repair. The study is in the journal Nature Communications.

In particular, the researchers discovered the gene for a protein apparently unique to water bears that shields their DNA from radiation damage. Called "DSup" for "damage suppressor", the protein binds to tardigrade DNA to keep it from snapping apart when bombarded by x-rays and other harsh radiation. The protein's protective effects against radiation may be a by-product of the tardigrades' resistance to dehydration, which causes similar damage to cells.

The most remarkable thing about the Dsup protein, though, is that it also seems to work in other organisms—including humans. When the researchers inserted Dsup into cultured human kidney cells, the protein boosted the cells' tolerance to x-ray damage by about 40 percent.

In theory, Dsup or something much like it could protect workers at nuclear power plants, cancer patients receiving radiation therapy or astronauts on interplanetary voyages. For now, the ethics and practicality of genetic engineering make such applications highly speculative. But, just maybe, if human beings someday stand on the surface of Mars, they could have water bear DNA to thank for helping them survive.

Forget cockroaches. Forget Superman. Forget any other tough-as-nails creatures you've ever heard of. 忘掉蟑螂。忘掉超人。忘掉你听说过的所有顽强的甲壳类动物。毫

The most indestructible multicellular organisms on Earth are undoubtedly tardigrades— 无疑问，地球上最坚不可摧的多细胞生物是缓步类动物——

microscopic eight-legged aquatic invertebrates also known as water bears. 这种微小的8只腿的水生无脊椎动物也被称之为水熊。

These wee beasties can withstand severe dehydration, extreme temperatures and pressures, 这种生物可以承受重度脱水、极端温度和压力、

several days in Earth orbit exposed to the vacuum of space, 暴露在地球轨道真空数日

and whopping doses of radiation that would kill most anything else. 以及可以杀死几乎所有生物的重度辐射。

And, being Earthlings, there's no reason to think they'd be vulnerable to kryptonite. 作为地球人，我们没有理由认为它们会屈服于克星。

Scientists are beginning to understand the genetic basis of tardigrades' death-defying superpowers. 科学家开始研究这种缓步类动物不畏惧死亡的超级强权背后的基因基础。

And what they're learning may have profound implications for human health. 科学家的研究可能对人类健康产生深远的影响。

The genome for a species of tardigrade was first sequenced last year. 去年科学家首次排列出了缓步动物的基因组。

The analysis suggested that about one-sixth of the DNA was imported from notoriously hard-to-kill bacteria— 分析表明，缓步类动物有六分之一的DNA来自那些难以消灭的细菌，

but that conclusion was soon disputed, with all that bacterial DNA blamed on laboratory contamination. 但是，这一结论很快就引发了争论，因为所有这些细菌DNA都是由实验室污染所致。

Now, a new genome has been published of an exceptionally hardy tardigrade species. 现在，在异常顽强的水熊基因中发现了一种新的基因组。

And it finds that almost all of the DNA is homegrown— 研究发现，几乎所有的DNA都是自生的，

and chock-full of sequences responsible for cellular protection and repair. 这些基因序列负责细胞保护和修复。

The study is in the journal Nature Communications. 这项研究结果发表在《自然通讯》期刊上。

In particular, the researchers discovered the gene for a protein apparently unique to water bears that shields their DNA from radiation damage. 特别是，研究人员发现水熊有一种可以保护其DNA免受辐射伤害的独特蛋白质。

Called "DSup" for "damage suppressor", 这被称为“伤害抑制”，简称DSup，

the protein binds to tardigrade DNA to keep it from snapping apart when bombarded by x-rays and other harsh radiation. 这种蛋白质与水熊的DNA结合，在水熊遭受x射线攻击或其他恶劣辐射侵袭时，这种结合可防止蛋白质的结构被破坏。

The protein's protective effects against radiation may be a by-product of the tardigrades' resistance to dehydration, 这种蛋白质抗击辐射的保护功能可能是水熊耐脱水的副产物，

which causes similar damage to cells. 因为耐脱水也会对细胞造成类似的伤害。

The most remarkable thing about the Dsup protein, though, is that it also seems to work in other organisms—including humans. 这种Dsup蛋白质最引人注意的地方是，它在包括人类在内的其他生物身上也可以起作用。

When the researchers inserted Dsup into cultured human kidney cells, 研究人员将这种蛋白质插入人体的肾细胞进行培养，

the protein boosted the cells' tolerance to x-ray damage by about 40 percent. 这种蛋白质将肾细胞对x射线的承受力提高了40%。

In theory, Dsup or something much like it could protect workers at nuclear power plants, 理论上，Dusp或其类似物质可以保护在核电站的工作人员、

cancer patients receiving radiation therapy or astronauts on interplanetary voyages. 接受放射治疗的癌症病人，以及在星际航行的宇航员。

For now, the ethics and practicality of genetic engineering make such applications highly speculative. 目前，基因工程的伦理标准和实用性让这种应用具有高投机性。

But, just maybe, if human beings someday stand on the surface of Mars, 但是，如果有一天人类能站在火星的表面，

they could have water bear DNA to thank for helping them survive. 那他们就可以用水熊的DNA来帮助他们生存下去。

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